Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology Society Agricultural Biotechnology Journal 2228-6705 18 3 2026 08 23 Determination of the levels of certain immunological and physiological markers in rats with paracetamol-induced nephrotoxicity treated with luteolin Determination of the levels of certain immunological and physiological markers in rats with paracetamol-induced nephrotoxicity treated with luteolin 633 652 5489 10.22103/jab.2026.27146.1893 FA Sabreen Kadhim Salih Department of Biology, College of Education, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq. Ennas Mohamed Majhwol Department of Biology, College of Education, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq. 0000-0001-8148-549X Journal Article 2026 05 09 Objective This study was conducted to investigate the protective role of luteolin in reducing paracetamol-induced nephrotoxicity through the evaluation of certain immunological and biochemical parameters in albino rats. Materials and methods A total of 32 adult male laboratory rats (three months and 145-165 g) were used in this study. The experiment was carried out in the animal house of the Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Al-Qadisiyah. The animals were randomly divided into four groups, with eight rats in each group. Animals in the control group were administered normal water throughout the experimental period (30 days). The first treatment group (T1), in which animals were injected with paracetamol at a dose of 470 mg/kg body weight. Animals in the second treatment group (T2) were administered luteolin at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight. The third treatment group (T3), in which animals were injected with paracetamol at a dose of 470 mg/kg body weight concurrently with luteolin at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight. Paracetamol and luteolin were administered once daily for 30 consecutive days. Results The results of the current study demonstrated a significant increase (P<0.05) in kidney function indicators (urea, creatinine, and uric acid), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and inflammatory markers (TNF-α and IL-6). These indicators accompanied by a significant decrease (P<0.05) in body weight gain and antioxidant parameters (GSH and CAT) in the T1 group compared with the control group. In contrast, no significant differences were observed in the T2 group compared with the control group. Meanwhile, the T3 group showed marked improvement, represented by a significant reduction (P<0.05) in kidney function indicators, MDA levels, and inflammatory markers (TNF-α and IL-6). These improvements were along with a significant increase (P<0.05) in body weight gain and antioxidant parameters (GSH and CAT) compared with the T1 group. Conclusion The results of this study showed that paracetamol administration caused significant nephrotoxicity. This damage was associated with impaired renal function, increased oxidative stress, and increased inflammatory markers in rats. Luteolin treatment significantly ameliorated these changes. It does this through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, leading to improved renal function indices and restoration of antioxidant defense mechanisms. Therefore, it can be concluded that luteolin may be a promising protective agent against paracetamol-induced renal injury. Objective This study was conducted to investigate the protective role of luteolin in reducing paracetamol-induced nephrotoxicity through the evaluation of certain immunological and biochemical parameters in albino rats. Materials and methods A total of 32 adult male laboratory rats (three months and 145-165 g) were used in this study. The experiment was carried out in the animal house of the Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Al-Qadisiyah. The animals were randomly divided into four groups, with eight rats in each group. Animals in the control group were administered normal water throughout the experimental period (30 days). The first treatment group (T1), in which animals were injected with paracetamol at a dose of 470 mg/kg body weight. Animals in the second treatment group (T2) were administered luteolin at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight. The third treatment group (T3), in which animals were injected with paracetamol at a dose of 470 mg/kg body weight concurrently with luteolin at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight. Paracetamol and luteolin were administered once daily for 30 consecutive days. Results The results of the current study demonstrated a significant increase (P<0.05) in kidney function indicators (urea, creatinine, and uric acid), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and inflammatory markers (TNF-α and IL-6). These indicators accompanied by a significant decrease (P<0.05) in body weight gain and antioxidant parameters (GSH and CAT) in the T1 group compared with the control group. In contrast, no significant differences were observed in the T2 group compared with the control group. Meanwhile, the T3 group showed marked improvement, represented by a significant reduction (P<0.05) in kidney function indicators, MDA levels, and inflammatory markers (TNF-α and IL-6). These improvements were along with a significant increase (P<0.05) in body weight gain and antioxidant parameters (GSH and CAT) compared with the T1 group. Conclusion The results of this study showed that paracetamol administration caused significant nephrotoxicity. This damage was associated with impaired renal function, increased oxidative stress, and increased inflammatory markers in rats. Luteolin treatment significantly ameliorated these changes. It does this through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, leading to improved renal function indices and restoration of antioxidant defense mechanisms. Therefore, it can be concluded that luteolin may be a promising protective agent against paracetamol-induced renal injury. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5489_d902c3ce47124c66ce615d5ad9ba304f.pdf