Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology SocietyAgricultural Biotechnology Journal2228-670517320250823Green synthesis of iron oxide and silver metal nanoparticles from the roots of Ferula Gummosa and investigation of their antimicrobial propertiesGreen synthesis of iron oxide and silver metal nanoparticles from the roots of Ferula Gummosa and investigation of their antimicrobial properties126499510.22103/jab.2025.24522.1636FAHashemYaghoubiDepartment of Biology, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran.0000-0003-3449-3037SomayyehRostamzadeh MansourAssistant Professor of Inorganic Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Faculty of Chemistry, Ardabil, Iran0000-0003-2487-0978ArmanGhorban DoostDepartment of Biology, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran0009-0002-4090-8374Journal Article20241214Objective<br />Ferula gummosa is a stable, self-sufficient perennial herb of the Apiaceae family, known for its medicinal compounds such as flavonoids with antioxidant and anticancer properties. These compounds play a vital role in the green synthesis of metal nanoparticles due to their redox activity. This study focused on synthesizing iron oxide and silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of F. gummosa and evaluating their antibacterial properties along with those of the plant extract.<br />Materials and methods<br />Green synthesis of silver and iron oxide nanoparticles was performed using F. gummosa extract. UV-Vis, FTIR, and XRD spectroscopy confirmed nanoparticle formation. Morphology, size, and surface charge were assessed using TEM and DLS. Antibacterial activity was tested against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus on solid LB medium using nanoparticle concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg, incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours.<br />Results<br />The results of UV-Vis, FTIR, and XRD spectroscopy showed that iron oxide and silver nanoparticles were successfully synthesized from the extract of the F. gummosa plant. TEM images showed silver nanoparticles had multifaceted structures while iron oxide nanoparticles were spherical. Their sizes were 16 nm and 35 nm, and surface charges were -23 mV and -18 mV, respectively. Antimicrobial tests revealed that both silver nanoparticles and the plant extract had effective antibacterial activity, whereas iron oxide nanoparticles showed negligible effects below 1 mg. MIC and MBC tests showed silver nanoparticles inhibited E. coli and S. aureus at 2.5 and 5 mg, respectively, while the plant extract required 5 mg/ml to inhibit both bacteria.<br />Conclusions<br />According to the results obtained, a significant difference was observed between the aqueous extract of the F. gummosa plant and the green synthetic silver nanoparticles prepared from it in terms of antibacterial activity. However, the antibacterial properties of the aqueous extract of the F. gummosa plant and silver nanoparticles were significantly higher than those of iron oxide nanoparticles.Objective<br />Ferula gummosa is a stable, self-sufficient perennial herb of the Apiaceae family, known for its medicinal compounds such as flavonoids with antioxidant and anticancer properties. These compounds play a vital role in the green synthesis of metal nanoparticles due to their redox activity. This study focused on synthesizing iron oxide and silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of F. gummosa and evaluating their antibacterial properties along with those of the plant extract.<br />Materials and methods<br />Green synthesis of silver and iron oxide nanoparticles was performed using F. gummosa extract. UV-Vis, FTIR, and XRD spectroscopy confirmed nanoparticle formation. Morphology, size, and surface charge were assessed using TEM and DLS. Antibacterial activity was tested against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus on solid LB medium using nanoparticle concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg, incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours.<br />Results<br />The results of UV-Vis, FTIR, and XRD spectroscopy showed that iron oxide and silver nanoparticles were successfully synthesized from the extract of the F. gummosa plant. TEM images showed silver nanoparticles had multifaceted structures while iron oxide nanoparticles were spherical. Their sizes were 16 nm and 35 nm, and surface charges were -23 mV and -18 mV, respectively. Antimicrobial tests revealed that both silver nanoparticles and the plant extract had effective antibacterial activity, whereas iron oxide nanoparticles showed negligible effects below 1 mg. MIC and MBC tests showed silver nanoparticles inhibited E. coli and S. aureus at 2.5 and 5 mg, respectively, while the plant extract required 5 mg/ml to inhibit both bacteria.<br />Conclusions<br />According to the results obtained, a significant difference was observed between the aqueous extract of the F. gummosa plant and the green synthetic silver nanoparticles prepared from it in terms of antibacterial activity. However, the antibacterial properties of the aqueous extract of the F. gummosa plant and silver nanoparticles were significantly higher than those of iron oxide nanoparticles.https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_4995_6dbbe6abe5f14af882ff977fc3f35501.pdfShahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology SocietyAgricultural Biotechnology Journal2228-670517320250823Genomic comparison of Italian honeybees (Apis Mellifera Ligustica) and Caucasian honeybees (Apis Mellifera Caucasica) for identifying signatures of selectionGenomic comparison of Italian honeybees (Apis Mellifera Ligustica) and Caucasian honeybees (Apis Mellifera Caucasica) for identifying signatures of selection2748499610.22103/jab.2025.24103.1620FANematHedayat-EvrighDepartment of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.0000-0002-6802-6739HadiTavakoliDepartment of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.RezaKhalkhali-EvrighAnimal Science Research Department, Ardabil Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Ardabil, Iran.0000-0002-3550-5741RezaSeyed SharifiDepartment of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.0000-0003-4593-2058MirdarioushShakouryDepartment of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.0000-0002-5539-6132KobraPourasadDepartment of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.TanveerHusseinDepartment of Molecular Biology, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.0000-0002-2522-2406Journal Article20240929The honeybee (Apis mellifera) is considered one of the most important insect species from an ecological and economic perspective. The honeybee provides an ideal model for utilizing population genomics to understand the evolutionary forces shaping the genomes of social insects. This study aimed to investigate and identify signatures of selection at the whole-genome level between the Italian and Caucasian honeybee breeds, considering the significance of these two breeds in honeybee-related production in Iran and globally.<br />Materials and Methods<br />The current study used whole-genome sequencing data of two subspecies of European honeybees available in the NCBI database. After applying quality control and filtration to the downloaded sequences, high-quality reads were aligned to the honeybee reference genome using BWA software. Subsequently, after applying various filters, high-quality SNPs were extracted using GATK software. In the next step, XP-EHH and Fst methods were employed to identify signatures of selection in the Italian honeybees compared to Caucasian bees. Additionally, to examine the genetic structure of the two studied breeds and to give a brief overview of their admixture and purity, the ADMIXTURE program was used.<br />Results<br />The analyses led to the identification of 847 genomic windows (containing 244 protein-coding genes) by the XP-EHH method, and 815 genomic windows (containing 439 protein-coding genes) by the Fst method. The results indicated that 19 genes were identified by both methods, and these genes were further investigated as final selection signatures. Among these genes, LOC72499, LOC551114, and LOC411919 were involved in immunity; LOC41390 in the foraging behaviors of workers; LOC413200 in cellular growth and development; LOC725885 in cellular differentiation, nursing, and foraging behaviors of bees as well as wing growth; LOC550886 in hygienic behaviors; LOC410393 in gut health and detoxification; and LOC408718 in growth of neural cells and the transformation of larvae into workers or queens. Identifying selection signatures can facilitate breeding strategies, disease management, and colony management. Furthermore, genomic information pertaining to various breeds enables the prediction of their behaviors in response to environmental challenges including climate changes.<br />Conclusion<br />Since traits such as behavior, foraging for food (nectar and pollen), cleanliness, colony defense, and immunity are among the most important and economically significant characteristics in honey bees, identifying the genes associated with these traits in the current study highlights the high potential of genomic data for better understanding the different breeds of honeybees.The honeybee (Apis mellifera) is considered one of the most important insect species from an ecological and economic perspective. The honeybee provides an ideal model for utilizing population genomics to understand the evolutionary forces shaping the genomes of social insects. This study aimed to investigate and identify signatures of selection at the whole-genome level between the Italian and Caucasian honeybee breeds, considering the significance of these two breeds in honeybee-related production in Iran and globally.<br />Materials and Methods<br />The current study used whole-genome sequencing data of two subspecies of European honeybees available in the NCBI database. After applying quality control and filtration to the downloaded sequences, high-quality reads were aligned to the honeybee reference genome using BWA software. Subsequently, after applying various filters, high-quality SNPs were extracted using GATK software. In the next step, XP-EHH and Fst methods were employed to identify signatures of selection in the Italian honeybees compared to Caucasian bees. Additionally, to examine the genetic structure of the two studied breeds and to give a brief overview of their admixture and purity, the ADMIXTURE program was used.<br />Results<br />The analyses led to the identification of 847 genomic windows (containing 244 protein-coding genes) by the XP-EHH method, and 815 genomic windows (containing 439 protein-coding genes) by the Fst method. The results indicated that 19 genes were identified by both methods, and these genes were further investigated as final selection signatures. Among these genes, LOC72499, LOC551114, and LOC411919 were involved in immunity; LOC41390 in the foraging behaviors of workers; LOC413200 in cellular growth and development; LOC725885 in cellular differentiation, nursing, and foraging behaviors of bees as well as wing growth; LOC550886 in hygienic behaviors; LOC410393 in gut health and detoxification; and LOC408718 in growth of neural cells and the transformation of larvae into workers or queens. Identifying selection signatures can facilitate breeding strategies, disease management, and colony management. Furthermore, genomic information pertaining to various breeds enables the prediction of their behaviors in response to environmental challenges including climate changes.<br />Conclusion<br />Since traits such as behavior, foraging for food (nectar and pollen), cleanliness, colony defense, and immunity are among the most important and economically significant characteristics in honey bees, identifying the genes associated with these traits in the current study highlights the high potential of genomic data for better understanding the different breeds of honeybees.https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_4996_e586a4f55fb43a540c2e9dab45e00f53.pdfShahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology SocietyAgricultural Biotechnology Journal2228-670517320250823Assessment of genetic relationships, and catalase gene expression in response to drought stress in various cultivars of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)Assessment of genetic relationships, and catalase gene expression in response to drought stress in various cultivars of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)4968499710.22103/jab.2025.23539.1669FAFatemehEbrahimiacademic staff of Research and Technology Institute of Plant Production, Afzalipour Research Institute, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran0000-0002-7402-1272Journal Article20250228Objective<br />Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is an economically important vegetable crop and its quantity and quality are influenced by water deficit. The study of genetic relationships and the genes involved in drought stress tolerance is essential in plant breeding programs and will help in the adoption of management strategies in dry areas. In this study, genetic variation and population structure of eggplant cultivars were identified using ISSR marker. Additionally, the expression of the catalase gene in response to drought stress was evaluated in selected three cultivars.<br /><br />Materials and methods<br />DNA was extracted from leaf samples of 23 eggplants using the modified CTAB method and a polymerase chain reaction was done by 10 ISSR primers. Three cultivars Greta, Sally, and Melusina were selected from each class identified through cluster analysis to assess gene expression under drought stress. Drought treatments were imposed in the first stage of plant growth by stopping irrigation for 17 and 23 days in moderate and long-term stress, respectively. Gene-specific primer to assess gene expression was catalase. RT-qPCR was done in technical triplicates using a Rotor-Gene Q. The reference gene for normalization of gene expression was actin.<br /><br />Results<br />The mean polymorphism percentage in this study was 73%. Primer (AG)8YC exhibited the highest polymorphism percentage and marker index, along with high PIC and Shannon index values. According to the analysis of molecular variance, the genetic variance between the three subpopulations was highly significant. Population structure analysis and cluster analysis based on phenotypic and molecular data divided cultivars into three main clusters. Catalase gene expression has been significantly increased under long-term drought stress in compared to the control in three cultivars of eggplant. The Melusina cultivar, with a value of 3.56 showed the highest gene expression in long-term drought stress.<br /><br />Conclusions <br />The ISSR marker serves as a suitable tool for evaluating the differentiation within eggplant populations. This marker in combination with other codominance primers can be used for future studies in eggplant. Additionally, the catalase gene plays a significant role in breeding programs of eggplant in arid regions and the Melusina cultivar can be introduced as a drought-adapted cultivar, if the results are confirmed by subsequent studies.Objective<br />Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is an economically important vegetable crop and its quantity and quality are influenced by water deficit. The study of genetic relationships and the genes involved in drought stress tolerance is essential in plant breeding programs and will help in the adoption of management strategies in dry areas. In this study, genetic variation and population structure of eggplant cultivars were identified using ISSR marker. Additionally, the expression of the catalase gene in response to drought stress was evaluated in selected three cultivars.<br /><br />Materials and methods<br />DNA was extracted from leaf samples of 23 eggplants using the modified CTAB method and a polymerase chain reaction was done by 10 ISSR primers. Three cultivars Greta, Sally, and Melusina were selected from each class identified through cluster analysis to assess gene expression under drought stress. Drought treatments were imposed in the first stage of plant growth by stopping irrigation for 17 and 23 days in moderate and long-term stress, respectively. Gene-specific primer to assess gene expression was catalase. RT-qPCR was done in technical triplicates using a Rotor-Gene Q. The reference gene for normalization of gene expression was actin.<br /><br />Results<br />The mean polymorphism percentage in this study was 73%. Primer (AG)8YC exhibited the highest polymorphism percentage and marker index, along with high PIC and Shannon index values. According to the analysis of molecular variance, the genetic variance between the three subpopulations was highly significant. Population structure analysis and cluster analysis based on phenotypic and molecular data divided cultivars into three main clusters. Catalase gene expression has been significantly increased under long-term drought stress in compared to the control in three cultivars of eggplant. The Melusina cultivar, with a value of 3.56 showed the highest gene expression in long-term drought stress.<br /><br />Conclusions <br />The ISSR marker serves as a suitable tool for evaluating the differentiation within eggplant populations. This marker in combination with other codominance primers can be used for future studies in eggplant. Additionally, the catalase gene plays a significant role in breeding programs of eggplant in arid regions and the Melusina cultivar can be introduced as a drought-adapted cultivar, if the results are confirmed by subsequent studies.https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_4997_ccf8111910291ba472b385e9c5f59099.pdfShahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology SocietyAgricultural Biotechnology Journal2228-670517320250823Molecular characterization of some genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from different clinical casesMolecular characterization of some genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from different clinical cases6994499810.22103/jab.2025.25209.1702FAMarwa FaezAbd Al-MunemDepartment of Biology, College of Education, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Qadisiyah, IraqMithal K. A.Al-HassaniDepartment of Biology, College of Education, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq.0000-0002-4716-7727Journal Article20250503Objective<br />This investigation aimed to investigate the prevalence of Klebsiella pneumoniae as a primary causative agent of pneumonia in the Al-Muthanna governorate, Iraq, and to describe the molecular profile of virulence genes related to hypermucoviscosity (e.g., magA and rmpA) in epidemic strains extracted from lower respiratory tract samples of hospitalized patients with pneumonia at Al-Rumaytha Hospital. Additionally, we estimated the prevalence of hypervirulent K. pneumoniae (hvKp) and classical K. pneumoniae (cKp) strains.<br /><br />Materials and Methods<br />A total of 100 bacterial isolates were gathered from lower respiratory tract samples of patients at Al-Rumaytha Hospital between April 18, 2024, and September 18, 2024. Isolates were identified through below steps: colonial morphology on MacConkey agar, cell morphology via Gram and capsule staining observed under a light microscope, physiological experiments, biochemical experiments, molecular identification applying 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and diagnosis of virulence genes (magA and rmpA) via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with gene-specific primers amplifying fragments of 1283 bp for magA and 409 bp and 340 bp for rmpA.<br /><br />Results<br />Of the 100 isolates, 20 exhibited a typical K. pneumoniae profile, with identity affirmed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Sequences from 15 of these strains were deposited in GenBank under accession numbers PQ814166 to PQ814180. Phylogenetic analysis grouped these 15 strains into 10 clades: Clade A (PQ814167, PQ814177), Clade B (PQ814171), Clade C (PQ814166, PQ814176), Clade D (PQ814179, PQ814180), Clades E, F, and G (PQ814169, PQ814173, PQ814174, respectively), Clade H (PQ814170, PQ814175), Clade I (PQ814172), and Clade J (PQ814168, PQ814178). The hypermucoviscosity genes magA and rmpA were detected in 55% and 50% of the 20 K. pneumoniae isolates, respectively. The prevalence of hypervirulent K. pneumoniae (hvKp) strains was 50%.<br /><br />Conclusions<br />This investigation affirms K. pneumoniae as a meaningful cause of pneumonia in the Al-Muthanna governorate, with a notable presence of hypervirulent strains (50%) described by magA and rmpA genes. These results highlight the importance of molecular characterization in understanding the pathogenicity and epidemiology of K. pneumoniae in clinical settings.Objective<br />This investigation aimed to investigate the prevalence of Klebsiella pneumoniae as a primary causative agent of pneumonia in the Al-Muthanna governorate, Iraq, and to describe the molecular profile of virulence genes related to hypermucoviscosity (e.g., magA and rmpA) in epidemic strains extracted from lower respiratory tract samples of hospitalized patients with pneumonia at Al-Rumaytha Hospital. Additionally, we estimated the prevalence of hypervirulent K. pneumoniae (hvKp) and classical K. pneumoniae (cKp) strains.<br /><br />Materials and Methods<br />A total of 100 bacterial isolates were gathered from lower respiratory tract samples of patients at Al-Rumaytha Hospital between April 18, 2024, and September 18, 2024. Isolates were identified through below steps: colonial morphology on MacConkey agar, cell morphology via Gram and capsule staining observed under a light microscope, physiological experiments, biochemical experiments, molecular identification applying 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and diagnosis of virulence genes (magA and rmpA) via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with gene-specific primers amplifying fragments of 1283 bp for magA and 409 bp and 340 bp for rmpA.<br /><br />Results<br />Of the 100 isolates, 20 exhibited a typical K. pneumoniae profile, with identity affirmed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Sequences from 15 of these strains were deposited in GenBank under accession numbers PQ814166 to PQ814180. Phylogenetic analysis grouped these 15 strains into 10 clades: Clade A (PQ814167, PQ814177), Clade B (PQ814171), Clade C (PQ814166, PQ814176), Clade D (PQ814179, PQ814180), Clades E, F, and G (PQ814169, PQ814173, PQ814174, respectively), Clade H (PQ814170, PQ814175), Clade I (PQ814172), and Clade J (PQ814168, PQ814178). The hypermucoviscosity genes magA and rmpA were detected in 55% and 50% of the 20 K. pneumoniae isolates, respectively. The prevalence of hypervirulent K. pneumoniae (hvKp) strains was 50%.<br /><br />Conclusions<br />This investigation affirms K. pneumoniae as a meaningful cause of pneumonia in the Al-Muthanna governorate, with a notable presence of hypervirulent strains (50%) described by magA and rmpA genes. These results highlight the importance of molecular characterization in understanding the pathogenicity and epidemiology of K. pneumoniae in clinical settings.https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_4998_2cbd9c540641923027adb8ab89decc05.pdfShahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology SocietyAgricultural Biotechnology Journal2228-670517320250823Prevalence and antibiotic resistance patterns of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from hemodialysis patientsPrevalence and antibiotic resistance patterns of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from hemodialysis patients95112499910.22103/jab.2025.25294.1716FALamyaa JabbarAbosoodaDepartment of Biology, College of Education, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq.Baheeja Abees HamoodAlKhalidiDepartment of Medical and Basic Sciences, College of Nursing, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq0000-0001-5668-0082Journal Article20250518Objective<br />Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) have emerged as meaningful nosocomial pathogens, exclusively in immunocompromised populations like hemodialysis patients, due to their biofilm-forming capabilities and multidrug resistance. This investigation aimed to identify the prevalence and antibiotic resistance patterns of CoNS extracted from hemodialysis patients to inform targeted infection control strategies.<br />Materials and methods<br />Venous blood samples were gathered from 100 hemodialysis patients at AL-Diwaniyah General Hospital applying sterile syringes. Samples were cultured on mannitol salt agar and blood agar to isolate bacterial colonies. Isolates underwent Gram staining to affirm purity, morphology, and Gram-positive status. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) were identified via coagulase testing, and species were affirmed by PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene applying primers 27F (5'-AGAGTTTGATCMTGGCTCAG-3') and 1492R (5'-TACGGYTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3'). Antibiotic susceptibility to amoxicillin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, levofloxacin, imipenem, meropenem, ciprofloxacin, and doxycycline was evaluateed applying the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Inhibition zone diameters were measured after 24-hour incubation at 37°C and interpreted per manufacturer standards.<br />Results<br />Of 100 clinical specimens from hemodialysis patients, 54% (54/100) tested positive for coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS). Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most prevalent species, constituting 51.85% (28/54) of isolates, followed by Staphylococcus saprophyticus (20.37%, 11/54), Staphylococcus hominis (16.67%, 9/54), and Staphylococcus haemolyticus (11.11%, 6/54). All S. epidermidis isolates exhibited 100% resistance to amoxicillin, with high resistance rates to gentamicin (89.28%), ceftriaxone (78.57%), cefotaxime (71.42%), levofloxacin (75%), imipenem (50%), and meropenem (50%). S. saprophyticus isolates showed lower resistance, with 72.72% resistant to amoxicillin, 54.54% to cefotaxime and ceftriaxone, 81.81% to gentamicin, and 63.63% to levofloxacin. S. hominis and S. haemolyticus demonstrated variable resistance patterns, with 66.67%–88.89% and 50%–83.33% resistance, respectively, across the tested antibiotics. Multidrug resistance (resistance to ≥3 antibiotic classes) was observed in 64.81% (35/54) of CoNS isolates.<br />Conclusions<br />These results necessitate the implementation of robust infection control measures, containing enhanced catheter care protocols, regular surveillance of resistance patterns, and antimicrobial stewardship programs to optimize antibiotic apply. Additionally, the variable resistance profiles of S. hominis and S. haemolyticus suggest the need for species-specific therapeutic approaches. Future research should centralize on elucidating the molecular mechanisms of resistance and exploring alternative treatments, like novel antimicrobials or biofilm-disrupting agents, to mitigate the risk of CoNS-related infections in clinical settings.Objective<br />Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) have emerged as meaningful nosocomial pathogens, exclusively in immunocompromised populations like hemodialysis patients, due to their biofilm-forming capabilities and multidrug resistance. This investigation aimed to identify the prevalence and antibiotic resistance patterns of CoNS extracted from hemodialysis patients to inform targeted infection control strategies.<br />Materials and methods<br />Venous blood samples were gathered from 100 hemodialysis patients at AL-Diwaniyah General Hospital applying sterile syringes. Samples were cultured on mannitol salt agar and blood agar to isolate bacterial colonies. Isolates underwent Gram staining to affirm purity, morphology, and Gram-positive status. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) were identified via coagulase testing, and species were affirmed by PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene applying primers 27F (5'-AGAGTTTGATCMTGGCTCAG-3') and 1492R (5'-TACGGYTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3'). Antibiotic susceptibility to amoxicillin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, levofloxacin, imipenem, meropenem, ciprofloxacin, and doxycycline was evaluateed applying the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Inhibition zone diameters were measured after 24-hour incubation at 37°C and interpreted per manufacturer standards.<br />Results<br />Of 100 clinical specimens from hemodialysis patients, 54% (54/100) tested positive for coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS). Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most prevalent species, constituting 51.85% (28/54) of isolates, followed by Staphylococcus saprophyticus (20.37%, 11/54), Staphylococcus hominis (16.67%, 9/54), and Staphylococcus haemolyticus (11.11%, 6/54). All S. epidermidis isolates exhibited 100% resistance to amoxicillin, with high resistance rates to gentamicin (89.28%), ceftriaxone (78.57%), cefotaxime (71.42%), levofloxacin (75%), imipenem (50%), and meropenem (50%). S. saprophyticus isolates showed lower resistance, with 72.72% resistant to amoxicillin, 54.54% to cefotaxime and ceftriaxone, 81.81% to gentamicin, and 63.63% to levofloxacin. S. hominis and S. haemolyticus demonstrated variable resistance patterns, with 66.67%–88.89% and 50%–83.33% resistance, respectively, across the tested antibiotics. Multidrug resistance (resistance to ≥3 antibiotic classes) was observed in 64.81% (35/54) of CoNS isolates.<br />Conclusions<br />These results necessitate the implementation of robust infection control measures, containing enhanced catheter care protocols, regular surveillance of resistance patterns, and antimicrobial stewardship programs to optimize antibiotic apply. Additionally, the variable resistance profiles of S. hominis and S. haemolyticus suggest the need for species-specific therapeutic approaches. Future research should centralize on elucidating the molecular mechanisms of resistance and exploring alternative treatments, like novel antimicrobials or biofilm-disrupting agents, to mitigate the risk of CoNS-related infections in clinical settings.https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_4999_54fe976ba170c19ebae453679b362263.pdfShahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology SocietyAgricultural Biotechnology Journal2228-670517320250823Genetic Diversity Assessment of Lotus corniculatus L. in Khuzestan Using Molecular Markers and DNA BarcodingGenetic Diversity Assessment of Lotus corniculatus L. in Khuzestan Using Molecular Markers and DNA Barcoding113134500010.22103/jab.2025.24998.1681FAZahra SadatMousaviDepartment of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran0009-0001-7239-5879FatemehNasernakhaeiDepartment of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran0000-0002-7714-4331Journal Article20250318Abstract<br />Objective<br />Lotus corniculatus L. is a widely distributed, tetraploid perennial legume valued for its adaptability to diverse environments and its applications in forage production, soil improvement, and medicine. It is essential to assess its genetic diversity using molecular markers for conservation and breeding strategies. This study presents the first molecular characterization of L. corniculatus accessions from Khuzestan province in southwestern Iran.<br />Materials and methods<br />Twenty-one L. corniculatus accessions were collected from eight geographically distinct sites. Genetic variation was assessed using 12 SCoT and 6 ISSR primers. Genetic structure and relationships among accessions were analyzed using cluster analysis, principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), and the STRUCTURE software. To complement these analyses, three genetically divergent accessions were selected for sequencing of two DNA barcode regions: the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA and the trnH-psbA intergenic spacer of the chloroplast genome. Barcoded sequences were analyzed using BLAST and Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic reconstruction.<br />Results<br />SCoT and ISSR markers revealed high polymorphism (96.87% and 85.8%, respectively), indicating substantial genetic diversity among the accessions. Cluster and PCoA consistently grouped the accessions into two main clusters, with the Minoo Island accession forming a distinct and divergent group. STRUCTURE analysis supported the existence of three genetic clusters, reflecting both admixture and clear genetic differentiation. DNA barcoding revealed that all three sequenced accessions, including the genetically distinct Minoo Island accession, shared identical sequences in both the ITS and trnH-psbA regions, forming a single haplotype, here designated as the Iranian haplotype. The ITS sequence exhibited 99.71% identity with L. tenuis, while the trnH-psbA region showed 100% identity with L. japonicus. However, both barcode regions lacked sufficient resolution to distinguish intraspecific variation.<br />Conclusions <br />Both marker systems were effective in detecting genetic diversity, with SCoT markers showing higher average polymorphism and mean PIC values, and ISSR markers exhibiting stronger marker index and resolving power. The distinct clustering of the Minoo Island accession highlights the potential for local adaptation and underlines the importance of conserving regional germplasm. In contrast, the lack of variation in the barcode sequences emphasizes the limited ability of conserved regions such as ITS and trnH-psbA to resolve fine-scale genetic structure. Complementary tools such as chromosome counting and genome-wide markers (e.g., SNP genotyping, RAD-seq, WGS) are recommended to improve taxonomic resolution.Abstract<br />Objective<br />Lotus corniculatus L. is a widely distributed, tetraploid perennial legume valued for its adaptability to diverse environments and its applications in forage production, soil improvement, and medicine. It is essential to assess its genetic diversity using molecular markers for conservation and breeding strategies. This study presents the first molecular characterization of L. corniculatus accessions from Khuzestan province in southwestern Iran.<br />Materials and methods<br />Twenty-one L. corniculatus accessions were collected from eight geographically distinct sites. Genetic variation was assessed using 12 SCoT and 6 ISSR primers. Genetic structure and relationships among accessions were analyzed using cluster analysis, principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), and the STRUCTURE software. To complement these analyses, three genetically divergent accessions were selected for sequencing of two DNA barcode regions: the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA and the trnH-psbA intergenic spacer of the chloroplast genome. Barcoded sequences were analyzed using BLAST and Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic reconstruction.<br />Results<br />SCoT and ISSR markers revealed high polymorphism (96.87% and 85.8%, respectively), indicating substantial genetic diversity among the accessions. Cluster and PCoA consistently grouped the accessions into two main clusters, with the Minoo Island accession forming a distinct and divergent group. STRUCTURE analysis supported the existence of three genetic clusters, reflecting both admixture and clear genetic differentiation. DNA barcoding revealed that all three sequenced accessions, including the genetically distinct Minoo Island accession, shared identical sequences in both the ITS and trnH-psbA regions, forming a single haplotype, here designated as the Iranian haplotype. The ITS sequence exhibited 99.71% identity with L. tenuis, while the trnH-psbA region showed 100% identity with L. japonicus. However, both barcode regions lacked sufficient resolution to distinguish intraspecific variation.<br />Conclusions <br />Both marker systems were effective in detecting genetic diversity, with SCoT markers showing higher average polymorphism and mean PIC values, and ISSR markers exhibiting stronger marker index and resolving power. The distinct clustering of the Minoo Island accession highlights the potential for local adaptation and underlines the importance of conserving regional germplasm. In contrast, the lack of variation in the barcode sequences emphasizes the limited ability of conserved regions such as ITS and trnH-psbA to resolve fine-scale genetic structure. Complementary tools such as chromosome counting and genome-wide markers (e.g., SNP genotyping, RAD-seq, WGS) are recommended to improve taxonomic resolution.https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5000_a35fe7f7fe8217b4369a0af4244d1fca.pdfShahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology SocietyAgricultural Biotechnology Journal2228-670517320250823The comparative effect of the Trichoderma atroviride and biopesticide Biocont in suppressing date palm leaf spot disease caused by Alternaria alternataThe comparative effect of the Trichoderma atroviride and biopesticide Biocont in suppressing date palm leaf spot disease caused by Alternaria alternata135152500110.22103/jab.2025.25280.1715FANajlaaHussein MohammedPlant Protection Department, Agriculture College, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq0000-0003-3388-9232AlaaNaser AhmedDate Palm Research Center, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq.0009-0002-6173-2603Journal Article20250516Objective<br />Biological control of phytopathogenic fungi is a hopeful plan, exclusively applying high-potency bioagents. This investigation aimed to compare the effectiveness of Trichoderma atroviride and the biopesticide Biocont in preventing the growth of Alternaria alternata, the causal agent of leaf spot disease in date palms, with Trichoderma harzianum as a comparative bioagent.<br /><br />Materials and Methods<br />The pathogenicity of A. alternata was evaluated on leaves of three date palm cultivars (Barhi, Halawi, Sayer). The antagonistic effects of T. atroviride and T. harzianum against A. alternata were experimented at different temperatures applying the dual culture method. The percentage of growth prevention was calculated for the biological agents and the pathogenic fungus after 7 days of co-inoculation. The impression of temperature on the antagonistic interactions was evaluated, calculating the radial growth of A. alternata at 20°C and 30°C.<br /><br />Results<br />A. alternata created leaf spot disease, with symptoms described by blackish-gray spots spreading across the leaf surface. The highest reduction in A. alternata growth was observed at 30°C, where T. atroviride restricted pathogen growth to 1.23 cm. The lowest reduction occurred at 20°C with T. harzianum, where A. alternata growth reached 3.03 cm. The highest prevention rate of A. alternata (81.31%) was achieved at 30°C in the presence of T. atroviride, while the lowest prevention rate (39.33%) was document at 20°C with T. harzianum. This investigation affirmed that Trichoderma species generate secondary metabolites with antagonistic effects against plant pathogens. Additionally, these metabolites can activate resistance mechanisms in plants, enhancing protection against diseases.<br /><br />Conclusions<br />The results demonstrate that Trichoderma species synthesize diverse secondary metabolites effective in suppressing plant pathogens. T. atroviride exhibited superior prevention of A. alternata at 30°C compared to T. harzianum, which showed the lowest prevention at 20°C. These results support the selection of T. atroviride as an effective biological control agent for reducing date palm leaf spot disease. The investigation suggests potential for developing T. atroviride-based biocontrol agents tailored to the environmental situations of date palm cultivation.Objective<br />Biological control of phytopathogenic fungi is a hopeful plan, exclusively applying high-potency bioagents. This investigation aimed to compare the effectiveness of Trichoderma atroviride and the biopesticide Biocont in preventing the growth of Alternaria alternata, the causal agent of leaf spot disease in date palms, with Trichoderma harzianum as a comparative bioagent.<br /><br />Materials and Methods<br />The pathogenicity of A. alternata was evaluated on leaves of three date palm cultivars (Barhi, Halawi, Sayer). The antagonistic effects of T. atroviride and T. harzianum against A. alternata were experimented at different temperatures applying the dual culture method. The percentage of growth prevention was calculated for the biological agents and the pathogenic fungus after 7 days of co-inoculation. The impression of temperature on the antagonistic interactions was evaluated, calculating the radial growth of A. alternata at 20°C and 30°C.<br /><br />Results<br />A. alternata created leaf spot disease, with symptoms described by blackish-gray spots spreading across the leaf surface. The highest reduction in A. alternata growth was observed at 30°C, where T. atroviride restricted pathogen growth to 1.23 cm. The lowest reduction occurred at 20°C with T. harzianum, where A. alternata growth reached 3.03 cm. The highest prevention rate of A. alternata (81.31%) was achieved at 30°C in the presence of T. atroviride, while the lowest prevention rate (39.33%) was document at 20°C with T. harzianum. This investigation affirmed that Trichoderma species generate secondary metabolites with antagonistic effects against plant pathogens. Additionally, these metabolites can activate resistance mechanisms in plants, enhancing protection against diseases.<br /><br />Conclusions<br />The results demonstrate that Trichoderma species synthesize diverse secondary metabolites effective in suppressing plant pathogens. T. atroviride exhibited superior prevention of A. alternata at 30°C compared to T. harzianum, which showed the lowest prevention at 20°C. These results support the selection of T. atroviride as an effective biological control agent for reducing date palm leaf spot disease. The investigation suggests potential for developing T. atroviride-based biocontrol agents tailored to the environmental situations of date palm cultivation.https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5001_03b264c595403666634ac75d828439bc.pdfShahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology SocietyAgricultural Biotechnology Journal2228-670517320250823Identification of microsatellite markers associated with genomic regions controlling proline and fructan in bread wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) under cold stressIdentification of microsatellite markers associated with genomic regions controlling proline and fructan in bread wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) under cold stress153176500210.22103/jab.2025.23673.1579FAMohammadAllahabadiDepartment of Plant Genetics and Breeding, College of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranReza QoliMirfakhraiDepartment of Plant Genetics and Breeding, College of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranRezaDarvishzadehProfessor, Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran and Institute of Biotechnology, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran0000-0001-5991-4411FatemehAbbaszadeh Panjali KharabsiDepartment of Plant Genetics and Breeding, College of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20240624Objective<br />Cold stress as one of the most limiting factors in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production, significantly reduces the yield of this strategic crop. Identifying molecular markers associated with genomic regions controlling traits related to cold stress tolerance such as the accumulation of protective metabolites like proline and fructan is therefore of great importance. This study aimed to investigate the genetic structure and to perform association analysis between simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and physiological traits related to cold stress tolerance in a diverse panel of bread wheat genotypes. The goal was to detect significant associations between SSR markers and traits related to cold tolerance, ultimately contributing to the development of functional markers for wheat breeding programs aimed at enhancing low-temperature stress tolerance. <br />Materials and methods<br />Seeds of 70 bread wheat genotypes were vernalized and grown in a completely randomized design with three replications under greenhouse conditions. At the early heading stage (Zadoks GS41-49), plants were exposed separately to +8°C (as normal conditions) and -2°C (as cold stress conditions). After tremperature treatment, proline and fructan contents were measured in plant genotypes. To determine the population’s genetic structure and detect possible admixtures, SSR marker data were analyzed via Bayesian approach in STRUCTURE software v2.3.4. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) and association analysis between SSR markers and physiological traits (proline and fructan contents under normal and cold stress conditions) were performed using the mixed linear model (MLM) in TASSEL software (v2.1.(<br />Results<br />A significant difference was observed in the amount of proline and fructan between studied wheat genotypes and temperature levels. Analysis of the population structure based on the data of 24 SSR markers showed that 70 genotypes were subdivided into three subgroups; the first group consiste of 20 genotype, the second group consiste of 27 genotype, and the third group consiste of 23 genotypes. Based on Linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis, 0.91% of possible pairs SSR markers were absolutely in linkage disequilibrium. The results of association analysis revealed eight SSR loci that significantly associated with the amount of proline and fructan content. In this context, Xgwm44 showed the strongest relation with the proline trait under cold stress conditions.<br />Conclusions<br />SSR markers, especially Xgwm44 and Xgwm319, have high value for use in marker-assisted selection in wheat breeding.Objective<br />Cold stress as one of the most limiting factors in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production, significantly reduces the yield of this strategic crop. Identifying molecular markers associated with genomic regions controlling traits related to cold stress tolerance such as the accumulation of protective metabolites like proline and fructan is therefore of great importance. This study aimed to investigate the genetic structure and to perform association analysis between simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and physiological traits related to cold stress tolerance in a diverse panel of bread wheat genotypes. The goal was to detect significant associations between SSR markers and traits related to cold tolerance, ultimately contributing to the development of functional markers for wheat breeding programs aimed at enhancing low-temperature stress tolerance. <br />Materials and methods<br />Seeds of 70 bread wheat genotypes were vernalized and grown in a completely randomized design with three replications under greenhouse conditions. At the early heading stage (Zadoks GS41-49), plants were exposed separately to +8°C (as normal conditions) and -2°C (as cold stress conditions). After tremperature treatment, proline and fructan contents were measured in plant genotypes. To determine the population’s genetic structure and detect possible admixtures, SSR marker data were analyzed via Bayesian approach in STRUCTURE software v2.3.4. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) and association analysis between SSR markers and physiological traits (proline and fructan contents under normal and cold stress conditions) were performed using the mixed linear model (MLM) in TASSEL software (v2.1.(<br />Results<br />A significant difference was observed in the amount of proline and fructan between studied wheat genotypes and temperature levels. Analysis of the population structure based on the data of 24 SSR markers showed that 70 genotypes were subdivided into three subgroups; the first group consiste of 20 genotype, the second group consiste of 27 genotype, and the third group consiste of 23 genotypes. Based on Linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis, 0.91% of possible pairs SSR markers were absolutely in linkage disequilibrium. The results of association analysis revealed eight SSR loci that significantly associated with the amount of proline and fructan content. In this context, Xgwm44 showed the strongest relation with the proline trait under cold stress conditions.<br />Conclusions<br />SSR markers, especially Xgwm44 and Xgwm319, have high value for use in marker-assisted selection in wheat breeding.https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5002_415585bd389b69659223807d77a96791.pdfShahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology SocietyAgricultural Biotechnology Journal2228-670517320250823The effect of the intrinsic resistance of Shigella flexneri 2a to spectinomycin on the efficiency of the CRISPR/Cas9 systemThe effect of the intrinsic resistance of Shigella flexneri 2a to spectinomycin on the efficiency of the CRISPR/Cas9 system177200500310.22103/jab.2025.25382.1717FAElahehKazemipourDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, IranHosseinaliSasanAssociate Professor, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran0000-0003-3299-4903MohammadrezaMohammadabadiProfessor, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran0000-0002-1268-3043Journal Article20250603Objective<br />Targeted gene editing in pathogenic bacteria such as Shigella flexneri 2a using the advanced CRISPR/Cas9 system is a significant step in developing genetic tools and novel therapeutic strategies. However, the success of this process heavily relies on the precise selection of recombinant clones, typically through suitable antibiotic markers. In the current study, we evaluated the efficacy of antibiotic markers (spectinomycin and kanamycin) in pTargetF:gRNA-pic and pEcCas plasmids in the clinical strain of Shigella flexneri 2a.<br />Materials and methods<br />First, the target region of the pic gene (a crucial virulence factor in Shigella) was identified. Based on this sequence, gRNA guide sequences, specific primers, and homologous recombination arms (HDR arms) were meticulously designed. Subsequently, targeted sgRNA cloning to the pic gene in the pTargetF plasmid was performed, and the plasmid’s structural integrity was confirmed using PCR and sequencing methods. Next, the successful introduction of the pEcCas plasmid into Shigella flexneri 2a cells was achieved via heat shock. Following this, the recombinant pTargetF plasmid, along with HDR arms, was transferred into bacteria containing the pEcCas plasmid using electroporation. Initial selection of transformed clones during the cloning stage on LB media containing kanamycin was successful. To investigate potential antibiotic alternatives, the wild-type Shigella flexneri 2a strain was also cultured on media containing chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and streptomycin.<br />Results<br />After electroporation and culturing of recombinant and wild-type (control) strains on media containing spectinomycin and kanamycin, the entire surface of the plates was covered with uniform bacterial growth, making the differentiation of recombinant clones impossible. This inability to differentiate resistant clones clearly indicates the intrinsic or widespread resistance of the Shigella flexneri 2a strain to spectinomycin. Furthermore, indiscriminate and widespread bacterial growth was observed in the wild-type strain when cultured on media containing chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and streptomycin, confirming the intrinsic resistance of this strain to several common antibiotics.<br />Conclusions<br />These findings highlight that, in this particular strain, the use of spectinomycin as a selection marker is inappropriate. For successful editing of pathogenic genes in similarly resistant strains, it is recommended to employ alternative selection markers to which the bacterium is sensitive (such as kanamycin), or to utilize markerless systems. Moreover, conducting preliminary antibiotic susceptibility testing (even in a simplified form) is essential prior to any molecular cloning or genome editing procedures.Objective<br />Targeted gene editing in pathogenic bacteria such as Shigella flexneri 2a using the advanced CRISPR/Cas9 system is a significant step in developing genetic tools and novel therapeutic strategies. However, the success of this process heavily relies on the precise selection of recombinant clones, typically through suitable antibiotic markers. In the current study, we evaluated the efficacy of antibiotic markers (spectinomycin and kanamycin) in pTargetF:gRNA-pic and pEcCas plasmids in the clinical strain of Shigella flexneri 2a.<br />Materials and methods<br />First, the target region of the pic gene (a crucial virulence factor in Shigella) was identified. Based on this sequence, gRNA guide sequences, specific primers, and homologous recombination arms (HDR arms) were meticulously designed. Subsequently, targeted sgRNA cloning to the pic gene in the pTargetF plasmid was performed, and the plasmid’s structural integrity was confirmed using PCR and sequencing methods. Next, the successful introduction of the pEcCas plasmid into Shigella flexneri 2a cells was achieved via heat shock. Following this, the recombinant pTargetF plasmid, along with HDR arms, was transferred into bacteria containing the pEcCas plasmid using electroporation. Initial selection of transformed clones during the cloning stage on LB media containing kanamycin was successful. To investigate potential antibiotic alternatives, the wild-type Shigella flexneri 2a strain was also cultured on media containing chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and streptomycin.<br />Results<br />After electroporation and culturing of recombinant and wild-type (control) strains on media containing spectinomycin and kanamycin, the entire surface of the plates was covered with uniform bacterial growth, making the differentiation of recombinant clones impossible. This inability to differentiate resistant clones clearly indicates the intrinsic or widespread resistance of the Shigella flexneri 2a strain to spectinomycin. Furthermore, indiscriminate and widespread bacterial growth was observed in the wild-type strain when cultured on media containing chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and streptomycin, confirming the intrinsic resistance of this strain to several common antibiotics.<br />Conclusions<br />These findings highlight that, in this particular strain, the use of spectinomycin as a selection marker is inappropriate. For successful editing of pathogenic genes in similarly resistant strains, it is recommended to employ alternative selection markers to which the bacterium is sensitive (such as kanamycin), or to utilize markerless systems. Moreover, conducting preliminary antibiotic susceptibility testing (even in a simplified form) is essential prior to any molecular cloning or genome editing procedures.https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5003_240ac9371ec2671ae99847c3ae2e6384.pdfShahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology SocietyAgricultural Biotechnology Journal2228-670517320250823Molecular detection of some virulence factors genes and biofilm formation in clinical isolates of Yersinia enterocoliticaMolecular detection of some virulence factors genes and biofilm formation in clinical isolates of Yersinia enterocolitica201218500410.22103/jab.2025.25502.1726FABaneenKareemDepartment of Biology, College of Education, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq.HadafKadhimDepartment of Biology, College of Education, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq.0000-0003-1494-2712Journal Article20250703Objective<br />Yersinia enterocolitica is a foodborne pathogen responsible for gastrointestinal infections, notably diarrhea, with its virulence attributed to genetic factors enabling host cell invasion, immune evasion, and environmental persistence. This investigation aimed to detect the 16S rRNA gene, evaluate virulence-related genes (yadA and hreP), and evaluate biofilm formation in Y. enterocolitica isolates from diarrheal samples gathered in Babylon Province, Iraq, to elucidate their genetic diversity and pathogenic potential.<br /><br />Materials and Methods<br />A total of 200 stool samples from patients of varying ages with diarrhea were gathered from multiple hospitals across Babylon Province. Isolates were identified applying standard biochemical experiments and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the 16S rRNA gene of Y. enterocolitica, followed by gene sequencing. Molecular diagnosis of virulence genes yadA and hreP was carried out applying specific primers. Biofilm formation was evaluated through quantitative assays to identify the isolates’ capability to adhere to surfaces, reflecting their potential for persistence in clinical environments. Sequence data were analyzed applying multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree construction to evaluate genetic relatedness.<br /><br />Results<br />Genetic diversity was evaluated via 16S rRNA gene sequencing, revealing high conservation with six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), primarily transitions, located in non-coding or structurally neutral regions. Iraqi isolates demonstrated close relatedness among some strains but phylogenetic diversity in others, clustering into three major clades: First Genetically Unified (FGU), First New Diverging (FND), and Final Unique (FU). Sequence alignment included two Iraqi sequences (GenBank: PV628219, PV628221) and 17 reference sequences from GenBank, with conserved nucleotides color-coded (A: green, T: red, G: purple, C: blue) and SNPs highlighted. Iraqi strains were highly similar to the reference sequence PV628226, with SNPs at positions 19 and 141 denoting close relatedness. In total, six SNPs were identified, with strains PV628219 and PV628221 each exhibiting four SNPs. Phylogenetic analysis affirmed diverse genetic profiles among Iraqi Y. enterocolitica isolates, with some strains closely related and others more divergent. Virulence genes yadA and hreP were detected in 87.5% of isolates (7/8), suggesting meaningful pathogenic potential. Biofilm formation assays revealed that most isolates exhibited moderate to strong biofilm production, denoting their capacity to persist in clinical settings.<br /><br />Conclusions<br />This investigation highlights the genetic diversity and pathogenic potential of Y. enterocolitica isolates from Babylon Province, Iraq. The identification of SNPs in the 16S rRNA gene and the presence of virulence genes yadA and hreP in most isolates underscore their molecular basis for pathogenicity.Objective<br />Yersinia enterocolitica is a foodborne pathogen responsible for gastrointestinal infections, notably diarrhea, with its virulence attributed to genetic factors enabling host cell invasion, immune evasion, and environmental persistence. This investigation aimed to detect the 16S rRNA gene, evaluate virulence-related genes (yadA and hreP), and evaluate biofilm formation in Y. enterocolitica isolates from diarrheal samples gathered in Babylon Province, Iraq, to elucidate their genetic diversity and pathogenic potential.<br /><br />Materials and Methods<br />A total of 200 stool samples from patients of varying ages with diarrhea were gathered from multiple hospitals across Babylon Province. Isolates were identified applying standard biochemical experiments and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the 16S rRNA gene of Y. enterocolitica, followed by gene sequencing. Molecular diagnosis of virulence genes yadA and hreP was carried out applying specific primers. Biofilm formation was evaluated through quantitative assays to identify the isolates’ capability to adhere to surfaces, reflecting their potential for persistence in clinical environments. Sequence data were analyzed applying multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree construction to evaluate genetic relatedness.<br /><br />Results<br />Genetic diversity was evaluated via 16S rRNA gene sequencing, revealing high conservation with six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), primarily transitions, located in non-coding or structurally neutral regions. Iraqi isolates demonstrated close relatedness among some strains but phylogenetic diversity in others, clustering into three major clades: First Genetically Unified (FGU), First New Diverging (FND), and Final Unique (FU). Sequence alignment included two Iraqi sequences (GenBank: PV628219, PV628221) and 17 reference sequences from GenBank, with conserved nucleotides color-coded (A: green, T: red, G: purple, C: blue) and SNPs highlighted. Iraqi strains were highly similar to the reference sequence PV628226, with SNPs at positions 19 and 141 denoting close relatedness. In total, six SNPs were identified, with strains PV628219 and PV628221 each exhibiting four SNPs. Phylogenetic analysis affirmed diverse genetic profiles among Iraqi Y. enterocolitica isolates, with some strains closely related and others more divergent. Virulence genes yadA and hreP were detected in 87.5% of isolates (7/8), suggesting meaningful pathogenic potential. Biofilm formation assays revealed that most isolates exhibited moderate to strong biofilm production, denoting their capacity to persist in clinical settings.<br /><br />Conclusions<br />This investigation highlights the genetic diversity and pathogenic potential of Y. enterocolitica isolates from Babylon Province, Iraq. The identification of SNPs in the 16S rRNA gene and the presence of virulence genes yadA and hreP in most isolates underscore their molecular basis for pathogenicity.https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5004_3202111cf90e7c816a472aaceb72b0df.pdfShahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology SocietyAgricultural Biotechnology Journal2228-670517320250823Identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with enzymatic digestibility of wheat straw using DArT markersIdentification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with enzymatic digestibility of wheat straw using DArT markers219234500510.22103/jab.2025.24915.1671FAFatemehShafaeiDepartment of plant production and genetic engineering, Agriculture Faculty, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran0009-0002-4922-1296ShohrehAriaeeNejadsystems biology research department, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII) , Karaj, Iran0000-0002-3168-1967GhasemMohammadi-NejadResearch and Technology Institute of Plant Production (RTIPP), Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran0000-0002-5767-9734SomayehSardouei-NasabResearch and Technology Institute of Plant Production (RTIPP), Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran0000-0003-2589-3637AliKazemipourdepartment of plant production and genetic engineering. Agriculture faculty. Shahid bahonar university of Kerman. Kerman. Iran0000-0003-1571-8915Journal Article20250304Abstract:<br />Objective: Agricultural waste is one of the challenges of today's world. Lignocellulosic waste can be used as a source for the production of fermentable sugars for biofuels and other valuable products. The aim of this study is to identify genetic loci, candidate genes, and molecular markers associated with the enzymatic digestibility of wheat straw to be utilized in wheat breeding projects for increasing the production of reducing sugars. Additionally, identifying wheat lines with the highest potential for conversion into reducing sugars is another objective of this research.<br />Materials and Methods:<br />In this study, 167 inbred lines (F9) derived from the cross between the cultivars Roshan and Superhead were used. The lines were cultivated in the research field of the Faculty of Agriculture at Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, and the resulting straw was prepared for enzymatic digestion experiments. For enzymatic digestion, recombinant xylanase and cellulase enzymes were used, and the amount of released sugar was measured. Genotyping of the lines was performed using DArT markers, and a genetic map was constructed using 167 lines and 662 DArT markers. Candidate genes within the confidence intervals of the identified QTLs were identified using databases related to the wheat genome.<br />Results:<br />A genetic linkage map with a length of 4315.35 centimorgans was constructed, and three QTLs were identified for the amount of sugar released from the biomass. Two QTLs were located on chromosomes 7A and 6D for the amount of sugar released by cellulase digestion (CEL), and one QTL for xylanase digestion (XYL) was located on chromosome 7A. Using the physical distance of markers adjacent to the identified QTLs, two candidate genes, TraesCS7A03G0782000LC and TraesCS7A03G0781900LC, were identified. These genes are involved in biochemical processes related to the production of kinase proteins and hypothetical proteins. These proteins play a key role in regulating metabolic pathways associated with enzymatic digestion and the conversion of biomass into reducing sugars. These genes are considered important candidates for genetic modification to improve sugar production processes in wheat. Additionally, the promising lines identified in this study can be used in wheat breeding programs to develop cultivars with higher sugar production potential.<br /><br />Conclusion:<br />The results of this study highlight the importance of chromosomes 6D and 7A in controlling the amount of sugars released through enzymatic digestion. The genes and markers identified for the QTL regions can be utilized in breeding programs aimed at improving the digestibility of wheat biomass.Abstract:<br />Objective: Agricultural waste is one of the challenges of today's world. Lignocellulosic waste can be used as a source for the production of fermentable sugars for biofuels and other valuable products. The aim of this study is to identify genetic loci, candidate genes, and molecular markers associated with the enzymatic digestibility of wheat straw to be utilized in wheat breeding projects for increasing the production of reducing sugars. Additionally, identifying wheat lines with the highest potential for conversion into reducing sugars is another objective of this research.<br />Materials and Methods:<br />In this study, 167 inbred lines (F9) derived from the cross between the cultivars Roshan and Superhead were used. The lines were cultivated in the research field of the Faculty of Agriculture at Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, and the resulting straw was prepared for enzymatic digestion experiments. For enzymatic digestion, recombinant xylanase and cellulase enzymes were used, and the amount of released sugar was measured. Genotyping of the lines was performed using DArT markers, and a genetic map was constructed using 167 lines and 662 DArT markers. Candidate genes within the confidence intervals of the identified QTLs were identified using databases related to the wheat genome.<br />Results:<br />A genetic linkage map with a length of 4315.35 centimorgans was constructed, and three QTLs were identified for the amount of sugar released from the biomass. Two QTLs were located on chromosomes 7A and 6D for the amount of sugar released by cellulase digestion (CEL), and one QTL for xylanase digestion (XYL) was located on chromosome 7A. Using the physical distance of markers adjacent to the identified QTLs, two candidate genes, TraesCS7A03G0782000LC and TraesCS7A03G0781900LC, were identified. These genes are involved in biochemical processes related to the production of kinase proteins and hypothetical proteins. These proteins play a key role in regulating metabolic pathways associated with enzymatic digestion and the conversion of biomass into reducing sugars. These genes are considered important candidates for genetic modification to improve sugar production processes in wheat. Additionally, the promising lines identified in this study can be used in wheat breeding programs to develop cultivars with higher sugar production potential.<br /><br />Conclusion:<br />The results of this study highlight the importance of chromosomes 6D and 7A in controlling the amount of sugars released through enzymatic digestion. The genes and markers identified for the QTL regions can be utilized in breeding programs aimed at improving the digestibility of wheat biomass.https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5005_1d6408264d31d453d556c60fe7d0459e.pdfShahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology SocietyAgricultural Biotechnology Journal2228-670517320250823Combined inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase and the renin-angiotensin system attenuates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in an albino rat modelCombined inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase and the renin-angiotensin system attenuates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in an albino rat model235252500610.22103/jab.2025.25469.1722FAMarwa J.KhalilAlshifaa Hospital, Ninevah Health Directorate, Mosul, Iraq.0009-0005-9696-7260Zeina A.Al-ThanoonDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq.Journal Article20250626Objective<br />Doxorubicin-associated cardiotoxicity remains a significant clinical challenge in clinical settings. This study aimed to investigate the synergistic cardioprotective effects of combined simvastatin and losartan against doxorubicin-induced cardiac injury. <br />Materials and methods <br />A total of 42 Albino Wistar rats were enrolled in the preset study and subdivided into, control male and female groups (received distilled water orally for 7 days and IP normal saline dose at day 14), doxorubicin male and female groups (received distilled water orally for 13 days and single IP dose of doxorubicin 15mg/kg at day 14), and simvastatin+losartan+doxorubicin male and female groups (received oral simvastatin dose of 10 mg/kg/day and losartan dose of 10mg/kg/day for 13 days and single IP dose of doxorubicin 15 mg/kg at day 14). The sampling for all group were conducted at day 16, including blood collection and tissue harvesting after the animal sacrificed. Initial blood sample collected at day 0 before starting any interventional products. Cardiac injury was assessed through histological examination and biochemical analysis of cardiac biomarkers including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), cardiac troponin (TNNI3), and heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (FABP3). <br />Results <br />Histological analysis revealed that combination therapy significantly attenuated doxorubicin-induced cardiac damage, showing only slight vascular congestion compared to severe endocardial congestion, inflammatory cell infiltration, and myocyte necrosis observed in the doxorubicin-only group. The combination therapy group demonstrated localized thin fibrous tissue formation between muscle bundles and mild interstitial edema, suggesting active tissue remodeling and healing processes. Biochemically, control groups maintained stable baseline levels throughout the study (TNF-α: 49.3±2.5 to 48.5±1.2; troponin: 11±0.3 to 11.7±0.5; FABP3: 0.55±0.09 to 0.66±0.09). The combination therapy provided remarkable cardioprotection in both sexes, with male rats showing non-significant changes in TNF-α (56.3±4.1 to 59.4±6.3, p=0.53), troponin (12.2±1 to 11.8±0.9, p=0.22), and FABP3 (0.67±0.1 to 0.74±0.05, p=0.63). Female rats demonstrated similar protection with TNF-α levels (60.9±7.4 to 56.2±11.3, p=0.6), troponin (10.8±0.7 to 11.7±0.8, p=0.1), and FABP3 (0.6±0.11 to 0.68±0.08, p=0.9) remaining within normal ranges. <br />Conclusions <br />The combination of simvastatin and losartan demonstrated synergistic cardioprotective effects against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity through dual mechanisms involving statin-mediated pleiotropic protection and angiotensin receptor blockade. This combination therapy preserved cardiac function, prevented elevation of cardiac injury biomarkers, and promoted beneficial tissue remodeling. These findings suggest that simvastatin-losartan combination therapy represents a promising cardioprotective strategy for patients receiving doxorubicin chemotherapy, potentially allowing for optimal oncological treatment while minimizing cardiac complications.Objective<br />Doxorubicin-associated cardiotoxicity remains a significant clinical challenge in clinical settings. This study aimed to investigate the synergistic cardioprotective effects of combined simvastatin and losartan against doxorubicin-induced cardiac injury. <br />Materials and methods <br />A total of 42 Albino Wistar rats were enrolled in the preset study and subdivided into, control male and female groups (received distilled water orally for 7 days and IP normal saline dose at day 14), doxorubicin male and female groups (received distilled water orally for 13 days and single IP dose of doxorubicin 15mg/kg at day 14), and simvastatin+losartan+doxorubicin male and female groups (received oral simvastatin dose of 10 mg/kg/day and losartan dose of 10mg/kg/day for 13 days and single IP dose of doxorubicin 15 mg/kg at day 14). The sampling for all group were conducted at day 16, including blood collection and tissue harvesting after the animal sacrificed. Initial blood sample collected at day 0 before starting any interventional products. Cardiac injury was assessed through histological examination and biochemical analysis of cardiac biomarkers including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), cardiac troponin (TNNI3), and heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (FABP3). <br />Results <br />Histological analysis revealed that combination therapy significantly attenuated doxorubicin-induced cardiac damage, showing only slight vascular congestion compared to severe endocardial congestion, inflammatory cell infiltration, and myocyte necrosis observed in the doxorubicin-only group. The combination therapy group demonstrated localized thin fibrous tissue formation between muscle bundles and mild interstitial edema, suggesting active tissue remodeling and healing processes. Biochemically, control groups maintained stable baseline levels throughout the study (TNF-α: 49.3±2.5 to 48.5±1.2; troponin: 11±0.3 to 11.7±0.5; FABP3: 0.55±0.09 to 0.66±0.09). The combination therapy provided remarkable cardioprotection in both sexes, with male rats showing non-significant changes in TNF-α (56.3±4.1 to 59.4±6.3, p=0.53), troponin (12.2±1 to 11.8±0.9, p=0.22), and FABP3 (0.67±0.1 to 0.74±0.05, p=0.63). Female rats demonstrated similar protection with TNF-α levels (60.9±7.4 to 56.2±11.3, p=0.6), troponin (10.8±0.7 to 11.7±0.8, p=0.1), and FABP3 (0.6±0.11 to 0.68±0.08, p=0.9) remaining within normal ranges. <br />Conclusions <br />The combination of simvastatin and losartan demonstrated synergistic cardioprotective effects against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity through dual mechanisms involving statin-mediated pleiotropic protection and angiotensin receptor blockade. This combination therapy preserved cardiac function, prevented elevation of cardiac injury biomarkers, and promoted beneficial tissue remodeling. These findings suggest that simvastatin-losartan combination therapy represents a promising cardioprotective strategy for patients receiving doxorubicin chemotherapy, potentially allowing for optimal oncological treatment while minimizing cardiac complications.https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5006_2c27a260f16ad3098393cc529f391f4a.pdfShahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology SocietyAgricultural Biotechnology Journal2228-670517320250823The Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Effects of Lead Chloride on the cerebrum of Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)The Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Effects of Lead Chloride on the cerebrum of Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)253272500710.22103/jab.2025.25556.1731FAMahaI. MohammedDepartment of Biology, College of Education for Pure Science, Mosul University, Mosul, Iraq0009-0008-3928-8319AmeerM. TahaDepartment of Biology, College of Education for Pure Science, Mosul University, Mosul, Iraq0000-0003-0306-7545Journal Article20250714Objective<br />Lead toxicity is a major environmental health concern with well-documented neurotoxic effects across vertebrate species. The Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) is a valuable avian model for studying heavy metal toxicity due to its sensitivity to environmental contaminants and relevance to wildlife and poultry health. This study investigates the histopathological effects of lead chloride (PbCl₂) on the quail cerebrum and evaluates immunohistochemical changes by measuring glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression.<br /><br />Materials and methods<br />Thirty quails of both sexes were randomly divided into three groups of ten birds each. The control group received distilled water for 60 days. The first experimental group was administered PbCl₂ at 25 mg/kg body weight daily for 30 days, and the second experimental group received PbCl₂ at 50 mg/kg body weight daily for 30 days. Birds were euthanized at 15, 30, and 60 days from the start of the experiment for histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis.<br /><br />Results<br />Histological examination of the cerebrum revealed multiple lesions across all time points. Widespread congestion was observed in most cerebral cortex layers, particularly the inner pyramidal layer. Degeneration of glial and neuronal cells was noted in the outer granular layer, accompanied by glial cell clustering. Hypertrophy of pyramidal cells was observed in the outer pyramidal layer. Immunohistochemical analysis of GFAP expression in the first experimental group showed a strongly positive reaction (11-25 cells stained) at 15 days, a weakly positive reaction (1-3 cells stained) at 30 days, and a weakly positive reaction at 60 days. In the second experimental group, GFAP expression was very strongly positive (>25 cells stained) at 15 days, strongly positive (11-25 cells stained) at 30 days, and strongly positive at 60 days.<br /><br />Conclusions<br />Lead chloride exposure induces severe histopathological damage in the quail cerebrum, characterized by neuronal degeneration, glial activation, and inflammatory responses. Immunohistochemical and histopathological findings elucidate the cellular mechanisms of lead-induced neurotoxicity. These results enhance understanding of-heavy metal toxicity in avian species and support the use of Japanese quail as a sentinel species for environmental lead contamination studies.Objective<br />Lead toxicity is a major environmental health concern with well-documented neurotoxic effects across vertebrate species. The Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) is a valuable avian model for studying heavy metal toxicity due to its sensitivity to environmental contaminants and relevance to wildlife and poultry health. This study investigates the histopathological effects of lead chloride (PbCl₂) on the quail cerebrum and evaluates immunohistochemical changes by measuring glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression.<br /><br />Materials and methods<br />Thirty quails of both sexes were randomly divided into three groups of ten birds each. The control group received distilled water for 60 days. The first experimental group was administered PbCl₂ at 25 mg/kg body weight daily for 30 days, and the second experimental group received PbCl₂ at 50 mg/kg body weight daily for 30 days. Birds were euthanized at 15, 30, and 60 days from the start of the experiment for histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis.<br /><br />Results<br />Histological examination of the cerebrum revealed multiple lesions across all time points. Widespread congestion was observed in most cerebral cortex layers, particularly the inner pyramidal layer. Degeneration of glial and neuronal cells was noted in the outer granular layer, accompanied by glial cell clustering. Hypertrophy of pyramidal cells was observed in the outer pyramidal layer. Immunohistochemical analysis of GFAP expression in the first experimental group showed a strongly positive reaction (11-25 cells stained) at 15 days, a weakly positive reaction (1-3 cells stained) at 30 days, and a weakly positive reaction at 60 days. In the second experimental group, GFAP expression was very strongly positive (>25 cells stained) at 15 days, strongly positive (11-25 cells stained) at 30 days, and strongly positive at 60 days.<br /><br />Conclusions<br />Lead chloride exposure induces severe histopathological damage in the quail cerebrum, characterized by neuronal degeneration, glial activation, and inflammatory responses. Immunohistochemical and histopathological findings elucidate the cellular mechanisms of lead-induced neurotoxicity. These results enhance understanding of-heavy metal toxicity in avian species and support the use of Japanese quail as a sentinel species for environmental lead contamination studies.https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5007_351869bde8b9d6ad1e3090bd173f600d.pdfShahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology SocietyAgricultural Biotechnology Journal2228-670517320250823Protective role of Spirulina against lead-induced genotoxicity in mice evaluated by the comet assayProtective role of Spirulina against lead-induced genotoxicity in mice evaluated by the comet assay273286500810.22103/jab.2025.25480.1723FAZamn. SaadAL-amaryPublic Health Department College of Veterinary Medicine University of Baghdad. Baghdad, Iraq.0009-0008-4258-0564Mohanad FalhiHamoodPublic Health Department College of Veterinary Medicine University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.0000-0001-7718-6331Journal Article20250630Objective<br />This investigation aimed to evaluate the genotoxic effects of lead (Pb) exposure in murine blood cells and to evaluate the protective potential of spirulina against lead-induced DNA damage applying the alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay.<br /><br />Materials and Methods<br />Eighty mice were randomly assigned to four experimental groups: control (standard drinking water), Pb-exposed (0.01 mg/L lead acetate in drinking water), spirulina-only (3.0 g/kg spirulina in drinking water), and combined Pb + spirulina group. The treatment period lasted three months. Blood samples were gathered post-treatment, and DNA strand breaks in leukocytes were analyzed applying the comet assay. The slides were prepared applying three layers of agarose, lysed, and subjected to electrophoresis under alkaline conditions. Nuclei were stained with ethidium bromide, and DNA damage was quantified applying fluorescence microscopy and Comet Assay Software Project (CASP).<br /><br />Results<br />Lead exposure meaningfully improved the percentage of cells exhibiting medium and high DNA damage compared to controls, denoting pronounced genotoxic effects. The Pb group showed a sharp decrease in undamaged cells (63.20 ± 4.61%) and a marked improve in highly damaged cells (28.00 ± 2.99%). In contrast, the Pb + spirulina group demonstrated a notable reduction in DNA damage, with 60.30 ± 5.65% of cells showing no damage and only 26.00 ± 2.98% exhibiting high damage. The protective effect of spirulina was statistically meaningful when compared to the Pb-only group, bringing DNA damage levels close to those observed in the control group. These results align with previous reports suggesting that spirulina's antioxidant properties can neutralize free radicals, limit oxidative stress, and stabilize DNA integrity.<br /><br />Conclusions<br />Chronic exposure to low-dose lead acetate induces substantial DNA damage in murine blood cells, primarily through oxidative mechanisms and interference with DNA repair systems. However, spirulina supplementation at 3.0 g/kg effectively mitigates this damage, highlighting its role as a protective agent against lead-induced genotoxicity. These results underscore the potential of spirulina as a natural intervention for reducing the harmful effects of environmental lead exposure. Further investigations are recommended to investigate spirulina's effectiveness across varying dosages and exposure durations, and its possible application in public health strategies aimed at combating heavy metal toxicity.Objective<br />This investigation aimed to evaluate the genotoxic effects of lead (Pb) exposure in murine blood cells and to evaluate the protective potential of spirulina against lead-induced DNA damage applying the alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay.<br /><br />Materials and Methods<br />Eighty mice were randomly assigned to four experimental groups: control (standard drinking water), Pb-exposed (0.01 mg/L lead acetate in drinking water), spirulina-only (3.0 g/kg spirulina in drinking water), and combined Pb + spirulina group. The treatment period lasted three months. Blood samples were gathered post-treatment, and DNA strand breaks in leukocytes were analyzed applying the comet assay. The slides were prepared applying three layers of agarose, lysed, and subjected to electrophoresis under alkaline conditions. Nuclei were stained with ethidium bromide, and DNA damage was quantified applying fluorescence microscopy and Comet Assay Software Project (CASP).<br /><br />Results<br />Lead exposure meaningfully improved the percentage of cells exhibiting medium and high DNA damage compared to controls, denoting pronounced genotoxic effects. The Pb group showed a sharp decrease in undamaged cells (63.20 ± 4.61%) and a marked improve in highly damaged cells (28.00 ± 2.99%). In contrast, the Pb + spirulina group demonstrated a notable reduction in DNA damage, with 60.30 ± 5.65% of cells showing no damage and only 26.00 ± 2.98% exhibiting high damage. The protective effect of spirulina was statistically meaningful when compared to the Pb-only group, bringing DNA damage levels close to those observed in the control group. These results align with previous reports suggesting that spirulina's antioxidant properties can neutralize free radicals, limit oxidative stress, and stabilize DNA integrity.<br /><br />Conclusions<br />Chronic exposure to low-dose lead acetate induces substantial DNA damage in murine blood cells, primarily through oxidative mechanisms and interference with DNA repair systems. However, spirulina supplementation at 3.0 g/kg effectively mitigates this damage, highlighting its role as a protective agent against lead-induced genotoxicity. These results underscore the potential of spirulina as a natural intervention for reducing the harmful effects of environmental lead exposure. Further investigations are recommended to investigate spirulina's effectiveness across varying dosages and exposure durations, and its possible application in public health strategies aimed at combating heavy metal toxicity.https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5008_b3848d61bbbc6207c6668a8a9e2730ed.pdfShahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology SocietyAgricultural Biotechnology Journal2228-670517320250823Molecular detection and resistance profiling of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes in Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from different clinical casesMolecular detection and resistance profiling of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes in Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from different clinical cases287308500910.22103/jab.2025.25637.1741FAHadeelHusseinDepartment of Biology, College of Education, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq.AzharHusseinDepartment of Biology, College of Education, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq0000-0003-1724-5111Journal Article20250727Molecular detection and resistance profiling of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes in Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from different clinical cases<br />Abstract<br />Objective<br />Aeromonas hydrophila is an emerging opportunistic pathogen that poses a serious public health concern due to its increasing resistance to numerous antibiotics, containing aminoglycosides. This investigation aimed to identify the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of A. hydrophila isolates achieved from clinical and environmental sources in Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq, with a centralize on the mechanisms underlying aminoglycoside resistance.<br />Materials and Methods<br />Out of 200 samples, 26 isolates were identified as A. hydrophila applying classical microbiological methods and the VITEK 2 Compact identification system. The isolates were tested for resistance to aminoglycosides, containing kanamycin (Kna), gentamicin (Gen), and amikacin (Ami). Notably, the isolates exhibited low to intermediate levels of resistance to neomycin, tobramycin, and streptomycin. These results indicate an alarming resistance pattern against both first- and second-line aminoglycosides.<br />Results<br />A total of five aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme (AME) genes were detected by PCR and were broadly distributed among the isolates. The most prevalent genes were aac(3) (80%), aph(3')-Ia (65%), and aph(6)-Id (60%). Other genes, containing aac(3)-IIa, aac(6')-Ib, aac(3)-IV, and ant(4')-IIa, were also show at varying frequencies, suggesting a complex network of genetic determinants involved in aminoglycoside resistance.<br />Conclusions<br />There was a meaningful correlation between the presence of multiple AME genes and high-level phenotypic resistance. Isolates harboring four or more resistance genes were resistant to all tested aminoglycosides except one, and even that isolate was resistant to another aminoglycoside reportedly transmitted via horizontal gene transfer (HGT). These results underscore the need for improved local antimicrobial stewardship and the establishment of molecular surveillance programs to monitor the evolution and dissemination of resistant A. hydrophila clones. The identification of multiple AME genes in clinical and environmental specimens raises concern over potential therapeutic failures and highlights the spread of resistance determinants within both aquatic and clinical ecosystems.<br />Keywords: aminoglycoside resistance, AME genes, antimicrobial resistance, environmental isolates, PCRMolecular detection and resistance profiling of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes in Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from different clinical cases<br />Abstract<br />Objective<br />Aeromonas hydrophila is an emerging opportunistic pathogen that poses a serious public health concern due to its increasing resistance to numerous antibiotics, containing aminoglycosides. This investigation aimed to identify the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of A. hydrophila isolates achieved from clinical and environmental sources in Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq, with a centralize on the mechanisms underlying aminoglycoside resistance.<br />Materials and Methods<br />Out of 200 samples, 26 isolates were identified as A. hydrophila applying classical microbiological methods and the VITEK 2 Compact identification system. The isolates were tested for resistance to aminoglycosides, containing kanamycin (Kna), gentamicin (Gen), and amikacin (Ami). Notably, the isolates exhibited low to intermediate levels of resistance to neomycin, tobramycin, and streptomycin. These results indicate an alarming resistance pattern against both first- and second-line aminoglycosides.<br />Results<br />A total of five aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme (AME) genes were detected by PCR and were broadly distributed among the isolates. The most prevalent genes were aac(3) (80%), aph(3')-Ia (65%), and aph(6)-Id (60%). Other genes, containing aac(3)-IIa, aac(6')-Ib, aac(3)-IV, and ant(4')-IIa, were also show at varying frequencies, suggesting a complex network of genetic determinants involved in aminoglycoside resistance.<br />Conclusions<br />There was a meaningful correlation between the presence of multiple AME genes and high-level phenotypic resistance. Isolates harboring four or more resistance genes were resistant to all tested aminoglycosides except one, and even that isolate was resistant to another aminoglycoside reportedly transmitted via horizontal gene transfer (HGT). These results underscore the need for improved local antimicrobial stewardship and the establishment of molecular surveillance programs to monitor the evolution and dissemination of resistant A. hydrophila clones. The identification of multiple AME genes in clinical and environmental specimens raises concern over potential therapeutic failures and highlights the spread of resistance determinants within both aquatic and clinical ecosystems.<br />Keywords: aminoglycoside resistance, AME genes, antimicrobial resistance, environmental isolates, PCRhttps://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5009_e9470886ecab9743fb7ea59420c245d2.pdfShahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology SocietyAgricultural Biotechnology Journal2228-670517320250823Bacillus subtilis and its role in biological control of plant pathogensBacillus subtilis and its role in biological control of plant pathogens309328501010.22103/jab.2025.25589.1736FAIqbal HarbiKadhimAl-Mussaib Technical College, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, 51009 Babylon, Iraq.0009-0000-0467-2793Ahed. A. H.MatloobAl-Mussaib Technical College, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, 51009 Babylon, Iraq.0000-0001-9896-7356Journal Article20250718Objective<br />The increasing request for sustainable agriculture and reduced chemical pesticide apply has driven interest in eco-friendly alternatives to control plant pathogens. Among biological agents, Bacillus subtilis has emerged as a hopeful biocontrol agent due to its diverse mechanisms of action, containing antibiotic production, induction of systemic resistance in plants, and plant growth promotion. This review aims to examine the biological and ecological characteristics of B. subtilis, its mechanisms in suppressing plant pathogens, and summarize recent research on its effectiveness as a biocontrol agent.<br />Materials and Methods<br />This review synthesized results from a broad range of peer-reviewed investigations, field experiments, and laboratory trials centralized on the applying of B. subtilis against fungal, bacterial, and viral plant pathogens. Key mechanisms of action were analyzed, containing rhizosphere colonization, antibiotic production, induction of systemic resistance (ISR), and growth-promoting traits. Specific case investigations and commercial applications were reviewed to prepare a comprehensive perspective on the organism’s potential and limitations in integrated pest management programs.<br />Results<br />Bacillus subtilis demonstrated high effectiveness in suppressing major plant pathogens like Fusarium spp., Rhizoctonia solani, Phytophthora infestans, and Ralstonia solanacearum through multiple synergistic mechanisms. The bacterium generates over 66 known antibiotics (e.g., surfactin, fengycin, subtilin), hydrolytic enzymes like chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase, and forms robust biofilms in the rhizosphere, enhancing its colonization capability. ISR triggered by B. subtilis involves improved expression of defense-related enzymes and hormone pathways, notably jasmonic acid and ethylene. Furthermore, B. subtilis enhances nutrient uptake, nitrogen fixation, and stress resilience in plants. Field investigations and commercial formulations (e.g., Kodiak, Serenade, Subtilex) affirm its effectiveness under varied environmental conditions. The reviewed evidence supports its broad-spectrum antifungal and plant growth-promoting effects.<br />Conclusions<br />Bacillus subtilis shows a powerful, environmentally safe tool for the biological control of plant pathogens and the enhancement of crop productivity. Its multifaceted role in disease suppression, plant defense activation, and soil health improvement positions it as a key component of sustainable agriculture. Adoption of B. subtilis-based biocontrol products aligns with global goals for reducing chemical pesticide reliance, promoting organic farming, and achieving long-term agricultural sustainability without adverse ecological or health effects.Objective<br />The increasing request for sustainable agriculture and reduced chemical pesticide apply has driven interest in eco-friendly alternatives to control plant pathogens. Among biological agents, Bacillus subtilis has emerged as a hopeful biocontrol agent due to its diverse mechanisms of action, containing antibiotic production, induction of systemic resistance in plants, and plant growth promotion. This review aims to examine the biological and ecological characteristics of B. subtilis, its mechanisms in suppressing plant pathogens, and summarize recent research on its effectiveness as a biocontrol agent.<br />Materials and Methods<br />This review synthesized results from a broad range of peer-reviewed investigations, field experiments, and laboratory trials centralized on the applying of B. subtilis against fungal, bacterial, and viral plant pathogens. Key mechanisms of action were analyzed, containing rhizosphere colonization, antibiotic production, induction of systemic resistance (ISR), and growth-promoting traits. Specific case investigations and commercial applications were reviewed to prepare a comprehensive perspective on the organism’s potential and limitations in integrated pest management programs.<br />Results<br />Bacillus subtilis demonstrated high effectiveness in suppressing major plant pathogens like Fusarium spp., Rhizoctonia solani, Phytophthora infestans, and Ralstonia solanacearum through multiple synergistic mechanisms. The bacterium generates over 66 known antibiotics (e.g., surfactin, fengycin, subtilin), hydrolytic enzymes like chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase, and forms robust biofilms in the rhizosphere, enhancing its colonization capability. ISR triggered by B. subtilis involves improved expression of defense-related enzymes and hormone pathways, notably jasmonic acid and ethylene. Furthermore, B. subtilis enhances nutrient uptake, nitrogen fixation, and stress resilience in plants. Field investigations and commercial formulations (e.g., Kodiak, Serenade, Subtilex) affirm its effectiveness under varied environmental conditions. The reviewed evidence supports its broad-spectrum antifungal and plant growth-promoting effects.<br />Conclusions<br />Bacillus subtilis shows a powerful, environmentally safe tool for the biological control of plant pathogens and the enhancement of crop productivity. Its multifaceted role in disease suppression, plant defense activation, and soil health improvement positions it as a key component of sustainable agriculture. Adoption of B. subtilis-based biocontrol products aligns with global goals for reducing chemical pesticide reliance, promoting organic farming, and achieving long-term agricultural sustainability without adverse ecological or health effects.https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5010_999028872cfff7ae8ee330a33cbd3874.pdfShahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology SocietyAgricultural Biotechnology Journal2228-670517320250823The use of antioxidant compounds to control root rot disease in peas caused by Rhizoctonia solaniThe use of antioxidant compounds to control root rot disease in peas caused by Rhizoctonia solani329342501110.22103/jab.2025.25536.1730FABassamY. IbrahimDepartment of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul, Ninevah, 41002, Iraq0000-0003-0285-6067BanA. AhmedDepartment of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal plants, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Ninevah, 41002, Iraq.0000-0002-8971-4215FirasK.D. Al‑JubooriDepartment of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul, Ninevah, 41002, Iraq0000-0003-4561-2724Journal Article20250709Objective<br />This investigation evaluated the effects of the antioxidants citric acid (CA), salicylic acid (SA), and glutathione (GSH) on Rhizoctonia solani in vitro and in vivo to control root rot disease in pea plants (Pisum sativum L.).<br />Materials and Methods<br />Rhizoctonia solani was extracted from infected pea roots, purified applying the hyphal tip technique, and identified morphologically and microscopically. Root fragments were cultured on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and incubated at 25 ± 2 °C for 7 days. CA, SA, and GSH were incorporated into PDA in 8.5 cm Petri dishes at concentrations of 0, 50, 100, and 200 mg/L. Fungal colony areas were calculated applying ImageJ software after incubation at 25 °C, and inhibition percentages were calculated. For in vivo experiments, sterile soil was inoculated with R. solani at 3 g biomass kg⁻¹ soil, two days before planting. Pea seeds were sown in pots with five replicates per treatment. Post-germination, disease incidence and harshness were documented. Peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activities were quantified applying enzymatic assays, and total phenolic content was calculated.<br />Results<br />All antioxidant treatments inhibited R. solani growth compared to the control, with effective concentrations ranging from 50 to 200 mg/L. Salicylic acid at 200 mg/L exhibited the highest inhibitory effect, achieving 64% inhibition of fungal growth in vitro. Seed treatment with salicylic acid meaningfully reduced seed rot and root rot incidence to 8.6% and 45.7%, respectively, and root rot severity to 0.21. Antioxidant treatments improved peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and total phenolic content in pea plants, with salicylic acid showing the most pronounced enhancement. A negative correlation was observed between disease incidence and the activities of peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and total phenolic content.<br />Conclusion<br />Salicylic acid demonstrated superior effectiveness in enhancing enzymatic activities (peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase) and increasing phenolic compounds in pea plants, effectively reducing R. solani-induced root rot. These results propose that antioxidant treatments, exclusively salicylic acid, offer a hopeful approach for managing root rot in peas.Objective<br />This investigation evaluated the effects of the antioxidants citric acid (CA), salicylic acid (SA), and glutathione (GSH) on Rhizoctonia solani in vitro and in vivo to control root rot disease in pea plants (Pisum sativum L.).<br />Materials and Methods<br />Rhizoctonia solani was extracted from infected pea roots, purified applying the hyphal tip technique, and identified morphologically and microscopically. Root fragments were cultured on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and incubated at 25 ± 2 °C for 7 days. CA, SA, and GSH were incorporated into PDA in 8.5 cm Petri dishes at concentrations of 0, 50, 100, and 200 mg/L. Fungal colony areas were calculated applying ImageJ software after incubation at 25 °C, and inhibition percentages were calculated. For in vivo experiments, sterile soil was inoculated with R. solani at 3 g biomass kg⁻¹ soil, two days before planting. Pea seeds were sown in pots with five replicates per treatment. Post-germination, disease incidence and harshness were documented. Peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activities were quantified applying enzymatic assays, and total phenolic content was calculated.<br />Results<br />All antioxidant treatments inhibited R. solani growth compared to the control, with effective concentrations ranging from 50 to 200 mg/L. Salicylic acid at 200 mg/L exhibited the highest inhibitory effect, achieving 64% inhibition of fungal growth in vitro. Seed treatment with salicylic acid meaningfully reduced seed rot and root rot incidence to 8.6% and 45.7%, respectively, and root rot severity to 0.21. Antioxidant treatments improved peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and total phenolic content in pea plants, with salicylic acid showing the most pronounced enhancement. A negative correlation was observed between disease incidence and the activities of peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and total phenolic content.<br />Conclusion<br />Salicylic acid demonstrated superior effectiveness in enhancing enzymatic activities (peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase) and increasing phenolic compounds in pea plants, effectively reducing R. solani-induced root rot. These results propose that antioxidant treatments, exclusively salicylic acid, offer a hopeful approach for managing root rot in peas.https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5011_0342c9a7b54450830e9727b98f8e3cb7.pdfShahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology SocietyAgricultural Biotechnology Journal2228-670517320250823Using Various Biotic and Abiotic Elicitors in Hazelnut Cell Suspension Cultures to Investigate the Expression of the 3-N-Debenzoyl-2-DeoxyTaxoln-Benzoyltransferase Gene in the Paclitaxel Biosynthesis PathwayUsing Various Biotic and Abiotic Elicitors in Hazelnut Cell Suspension Cultures to Investigate the Expression of the 3-N-Debenzoyl-2-DeoxyTaxoln-Benzoyltransferase Gene in the Paclitaxel Biosynthesis Pathway343360501210.22103/jab.2025.23315.1564FARaziyehBahrasmani SardooMS student of plant biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.Sara AlsadatRahpeymaDepartment of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.0000-0001-5518-3703MehdiMansouriDepartment of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.0000-0002-5222-8870Journal Article20240429Background<br />Paclitaxel (PC) is a naturally occurring chemotherapeutic medication used to treat various malignancies. Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is currently a readily available and affordable Paclitaxel source. In this study, the potential effects of some biotic and abiotic elicitors were investigated on expression levels of the DBTNBT gene (3-N-debenzoyl-2-deoxytaxolN-benzoyltransferase) in cell suspension cultures of C. avellana. The DBTNB gene is one of the key genes in the downstream biosynthesis pathway of Paclitaxel.<br />Materials and methods<br />Hazelnut yellow friable calli taken from and often subcultured in MS media, supplemented with 2,4-D (2 mg/L) and BAP (0.2 mg/L), was suspended in liquid MS of the same composition. The elicitors methyl jasmonate (MeJA) (0, 100, and 200 (µL)), silver nitrate (0, 15, and 30 (mg/L)), or fungus extract (0, 25, 50, and 100 (mg/L)) were applied to the hazelnut cell cultures for 48 hours during the middle growth phase.<br />Results <br />The present study demonstrated the inductive effects of the elicitors on the expression of the DBTNBT gene. Compared to the control samples, in the C. avellana cell suspension culture, DBTNBT gene expression was affected positively by MeJA, and the most increase in DBTNBT gene expression (17.6-fold) was obtained from the treatment of 200 µL MeJA. The rate of gene expression rose considerably, up to 14 times greater than that of the control, when the concentration of AgNO3 was increased to 30 mg/L. Fungal extract affected DBTNBT gene expression; a suspension culture of C. avellana cells treated with 50 mg/L fungal extracts of C. globosum revealed a 4.75-fold increase in DBTNBT gene expression relative to the reference. However, 100 mg/L of C. globosum extracts reduced gene expression compared to the control.<br />Conclusions<br />MeJA had the highest degree of DBTNBT gene expression of any elicitor therapy used in this investigation, however all applied elicitation treatments were able to successfully increase the DBTNBT gene expression in hazelnut cell suspension cultures.Background<br />Paclitaxel (PC) is a naturally occurring chemotherapeutic medication used to treat various malignancies. Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is currently a readily available and affordable Paclitaxel source. In this study, the potential effects of some biotic and abiotic elicitors were investigated on expression levels of the DBTNBT gene (3-N-debenzoyl-2-deoxytaxolN-benzoyltransferase) in cell suspension cultures of C. avellana. The DBTNB gene is one of the key genes in the downstream biosynthesis pathway of Paclitaxel.<br />Materials and methods<br />Hazelnut yellow friable calli taken from and often subcultured in MS media, supplemented with 2,4-D (2 mg/L) and BAP (0.2 mg/L), was suspended in liquid MS of the same composition. The elicitors methyl jasmonate (MeJA) (0, 100, and 200 (µL)), silver nitrate (0, 15, and 30 (mg/L)), or fungus extract (0, 25, 50, and 100 (mg/L)) were applied to the hazelnut cell cultures for 48 hours during the middle growth phase.<br />Results <br />The present study demonstrated the inductive effects of the elicitors on the expression of the DBTNBT gene. Compared to the control samples, in the C. avellana cell suspension culture, DBTNBT gene expression was affected positively by MeJA, and the most increase in DBTNBT gene expression (17.6-fold) was obtained from the treatment of 200 µL MeJA. The rate of gene expression rose considerably, up to 14 times greater than that of the control, when the concentration of AgNO3 was increased to 30 mg/L. Fungal extract affected DBTNBT gene expression; a suspension culture of C. avellana cells treated with 50 mg/L fungal extracts of C. globosum revealed a 4.75-fold increase in DBTNBT gene expression relative to the reference. However, 100 mg/L of C. globosum extracts reduced gene expression compared to the control.<br />Conclusions<br />MeJA had the highest degree of DBTNBT gene expression of any elicitor therapy used in this investigation, however all applied elicitation treatments were able to successfully increase the DBTNBT gene expression in hazelnut cell suspension cultures.https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5012_f0873a91b499e265ff6d78ff6e8985a0.pdfShahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology SocietyAgricultural Biotechnology Journal2228-670517320250823Modern pharmaceutical applications of Eudragit polymers in Hot Melt Extrusion and 3D printing technologiesModern pharmaceutical applications of Eudragit polymers in Hot Melt Extrusion and 3D printing technologies361400501310.22103/jab.2025.25732.1747FAFahadRaad Salim AltalibDepartment of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq.0009-0002-0431-4237Journal Article20250807Objective<br />The pharmaceutical production environment is increasingly adopting progressive methods like hot-melt extrusion (HME) and three-dimensional (3D) printing to expand personalized, effective, and scalable drug delivery systems. Both techniques rely heavily on the excipient Eudragit (EUD), which represents a broad family of methacrylate-based polymers. This review targets to supply a wide account of the application of EUD polymers in HME and 3D printing, with a centralization on their role in controlled drug release systems of sustained, immediate, and aimed types.<br />Materials and Methods<br />The review surveys the utilization of numerous grades of EUD, like EPO, RL, RS, L100, S100, and L100-55, in formulation design, process optimization, and drug release mechanisms. The discussion encompasses the evaluation of formulation strategies, processing situations, and post-processing stability. Innovations in recent years, containing smart and functionalized EUD-based systems with mucoadhesive, colon-specific, and theranostic properties, are also examined. Additionally, mechanical characteristics and drug–polymer compatibility are analyzed as critical determinants of successful formulation.<br />Results<br />EUD polymers have been demonstrated to support a broad spectrum of drug delivery platforms and dosage forms, proposing versatility and adaptability to pharmaceutical processing. Case studies and recent expansions show the capability of EUD to enable controlled release mechanisms, while also addressing particular therapeutic requirements. Smart functionalization of EUD systems has expanded their potential to include mucoadhesion, site-specific delivery, and diagnostic utilizations. However, challenges stay, containing issues of thermal degradation through processing, insufficient miscibility between drugs and polymers, and sensitivity to moisture. These limitations pose meaningful formulation challenges that must be managed carefully via process-specific and formulation-specific solutions.<br />Conclusions<br />This review underscores the central role of EUD polymers in next-generation pharmaceutical manufacturing, exclusively in the context of HME and additive manufacturing. While these polymers hold great promise for enabling progressive drug delivery systems, technical challenges persist, containing drug–polymer miscibility, risk of thermal degradation, and maintenance of post-processing integrity. Addressing these issues is crucial for unlocking the full potential of EUD polymers in future drug expansion. By integrating case studies, formulation strategies, and mechanistic perception, this review supplies a worth resource for researchers and formulators seeking to exploit the adaptability of EUD in modern pharmaceutical utilizations.Objective<br />The pharmaceutical production environment is increasingly adopting progressive methods like hot-melt extrusion (HME) and three-dimensional (3D) printing to expand personalized, effective, and scalable drug delivery systems. Both techniques rely heavily on the excipient Eudragit (EUD), which represents a broad family of methacrylate-based polymers. This review targets to supply a wide account of the application of EUD polymers in HME and 3D printing, with a centralization on their role in controlled drug release systems of sustained, immediate, and aimed types.<br />Materials and Methods<br />The review surveys the utilization of numerous grades of EUD, like EPO, RL, RS, L100, S100, and L100-55, in formulation design, process optimization, and drug release mechanisms. The discussion encompasses the evaluation of formulation strategies, processing situations, and post-processing stability. Innovations in recent years, containing smart and functionalized EUD-based systems with mucoadhesive, colon-specific, and theranostic properties, are also examined. Additionally, mechanical characteristics and drug–polymer compatibility are analyzed as critical determinants of successful formulation.<br />Results<br />EUD polymers have been demonstrated to support a broad spectrum of drug delivery platforms and dosage forms, proposing versatility and adaptability to pharmaceutical processing. Case studies and recent expansions show the capability of EUD to enable controlled release mechanisms, while also addressing particular therapeutic requirements. Smart functionalization of EUD systems has expanded their potential to include mucoadhesion, site-specific delivery, and diagnostic utilizations. However, challenges stay, containing issues of thermal degradation through processing, insufficient miscibility between drugs and polymers, and sensitivity to moisture. These limitations pose meaningful formulation challenges that must be managed carefully via process-specific and formulation-specific solutions.<br />Conclusions<br />This review underscores the central role of EUD polymers in next-generation pharmaceutical manufacturing, exclusively in the context of HME and additive manufacturing. While these polymers hold great promise for enabling progressive drug delivery systems, technical challenges persist, containing drug–polymer miscibility, risk of thermal degradation, and maintenance of post-processing integrity. Addressing these issues is crucial for unlocking the full potential of EUD polymers in future drug expansion. By integrating case studies, formulation strategies, and mechanistic perception, this review supplies a worth resource for researchers and formulators seeking to exploit the adaptability of EUD in modern pharmaceutical utilizations.https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5013_e140dbab44e01e699491a59c9978b924.pdfShahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology SocietyAgricultural Biotechnology Journal2228-670517320250823The impact of Quercetin Berberine Complex and Clove extract on mice induced asthmatic conditionThe impact of Quercetin Berberine Complex and Clove extract on mice induced asthmatic condition401422501410.22103/jab.2025.25794.1755FARouaJassimDepartment. Of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad province, Iraq.0009-0008-4296-0575Journal Article20250820<strong>Objective</strong><br />Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways described by hyperresponsiveness and constructional remodeling, carried mostly by immune dysregulation. Indigenous combinations as berberine, quercetin, and clove extractive contain well-documented anti-inflammatory and antioxidant attributes. This investigation targeted to survey the immunomodulatory and protective reactions of a quercetin–berberine compound and clove extractive in an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced murine pattern of asthma.<br /><strong>Materials and Methods</strong><br />Thirty Swiss mice of both sexes were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 10 per group). The first group obtained an oral dose of quercetin–berberine compound (100 mg/mL, 0.1 mL) once a week for 8 weeks. The second group was given treatment with clove extractive applying the same regimen. The third group acted as a positive control and was managed 10% OVA (0.3 mL, intraperitoneally) on day one and anew after 8 weeks to incite asthma. At the termination of the treatment phase, blood and serum samples were gathered for quantification of white blood cells (WBCs), immunoglobulin E (IgE), and interleukin-4 (IL-4), applying ELISA. All experimental groups were thereafter treated with OVA (0.3 mL, intraperitoneally) before euthanasia at week nine. Histopathological examination of the lungs and trachea was then carried out.<br /><strong>Results</strong><br />Treatment with either quercetin–berberine compound or clove extractive meaningfully decreased WBC counts, IL-4, and IgE levels in comparison to the positive control group (p ≤ 0.05). Histopathological analysis disclosed a marked depletion in airway inflammation, cellular infiltration, and tissue destruction in the treatment groups, denoting an attenuation of OVA-incited pulmonary pathology. Both treatments revealed equivalent protective reactions, with evidence of restored tissue integrity in comparison to untreated controls.<br /><strong>Conclusions</strong><br />The results offer that the quercetin–berberine compound and clove extractive exert potent immunomodulatory activity, alleviating inflammatory responses and tissue destruction in OVA-incited asthma. These outcomes emboss the therapeutic potential of plant-derived combinations as adjunctive or alternative plans in the administration of airway inflammation and asthma. Further investigations are warranted to clarify underlying molecular mechanisms and assess their clinical relevance.<strong>Objective</strong><br />Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways described by hyperresponsiveness and constructional remodeling, carried mostly by immune dysregulation. Indigenous combinations as berberine, quercetin, and clove extractive contain well-documented anti-inflammatory and antioxidant attributes. This investigation targeted to survey the immunomodulatory and protective reactions of a quercetin–berberine compound and clove extractive in an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced murine pattern of asthma.<br /><strong>Materials and Methods</strong><br />Thirty Swiss mice of both sexes were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 10 per group). The first group obtained an oral dose of quercetin–berberine compound (100 mg/mL, 0.1 mL) once a week for 8 weeks. The second group was given treatment with clove extractive applying the same regimen. The third group acted as a positive control and was managed 10% OVA (0.3 mL, intraperitoneally) on day one and anew after 8 weeks to incite asthma. At the termination of the treatment phase, blood and serum samples were gathered for quantification of white blood cells (WBCs), immunoglobulin E (IgE), and interleukin-4 (IL-4), applying ELISA. All experimental groups were thereafter treated with OVA (0.3 mL, intraperitoneally) before euthanasia at week nine. Histopathological examination of the lungs and trachea was then carried out.<br /><strong>Results</strong><br />Treatment with either quercetin–berberine compound or clove extractive meaningfully decreased WBC counts, IL-4, and IgE levels in comparison to the positive control group (p ≤ 0.05). Histopathological analysis disclosed a marked depletion in airway inflammation, cellular infiltration, and tissue destruction in the treatment groups, denoting an attenuation of OVA-incited pulmonary pathology. Both treatments revealed equivalent protective reactions, with evidence of restored tissue integrity in comparison to untreated controls.<br /><strong>Conclusions</strong><br />The results offer that the quercetin–berberine compound and clove extractive exert potent immunomodulatory activity, alleviating inflammatory responses and tissue destruction in OVA-incited asthma. These outcomes emboss the therapeutic potential of plant-derived combinations as adjunctive or alternative plans in the administration of airway inflammation and asthma. Further investigations are warranted to clarify underlying molecular mechanisms and assess their clinical relevance.https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5014_4424d2deec2f9468fb61e2db07ecd6b6.pdf