Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology Society Agricultural Biotechnology Journal 2228-6705 18 3 2026 08 23 Combined effect of chitosan and salicylic acid hormone on physiological and biochemical traits and expression of key genes of carnosic acid biosynthesis pathway in rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Combined effect of chitosan and salicylic acid hormone on physiological and biochemical traits and expression of key genes of carnosic acid biosynthesis pathway in rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) 1 26 5490 10.22103/jab.2026.25770.1752 FA Morteza Najafpour Mohammadabady Ph.D. Student, Department of Biology, Payame Noor University (PNU), P.O. Box 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran. 0009-0008-4220-7591 Enayatollah Yazdanpanah Assistant Professor, Department of Biology, Payame Noor University (PNU), P.O. Box 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-6437-0890 Hamid Sobhanian Associate Professor, Department of Biology, Payame Noor University (PNU), P.O. Box 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0003-2748-7034 Gholamreza Bakshi Khaniki Professor, Department of Biology, Payame Noor University (PNU), P.O. Box 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-8931-3649 Journal Article 2025 08 17 Objective Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), as one of the important medicinal and aromatic plants in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Among the terpenes of rosemary, carnosic acid has gained significant importance due to its therapeutic properties such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antitumor effects. Consequently, researchers' attention has been drawn to the application of elicitors to enhance the growth and increase the essential oil of rosemary. Given the medicinal importance of rosemary and the potential of chitosan and salicylic acid in enhancing plant traits, this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of these elicitors on rosemary traits and the expression of key genes in the carnosic acid pathway (KSLI and CPSI). Materials and methods This research was carried out as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Three months after transplanting the seedlings, chitosan (Ch) at concentrations of 10, 50, and 100 mg/L and salicylic acid (SA) at concentrations of 5, 10, and 20 µM were applied individually and in combination, in three stages at three-week intervals, as foliar sprays on the aerial parts of rosemary. Physiological and biochemical traits and expression of key genes of carnosic acid biosynthesis pathway were measured one week after the last spraying. Results The treatment combinations had synergistic effects on rosemary traits. As the most effective treatments, SA 10 µM + Ch 100 mg/L and SA 20 µM + Ch 50 mg/L treatments led to a 44 and 45% significant decrease in MDA, 2 and 2.5-fold significant increase in phenol, 2.8 and 2.9-fold increase in sugars, 2.6 and 2-fold increase in catalase activity, 2.8 and 2.5-fold increase in SOD activity, 2 and 2.3-fold increase in polyphenol oxidase activity, 3 and 1.9-fold increase in chlorophyll content, 2 and 2.2-fold increase in carotenoid content, 2.3 and 2.6-fold increase in essential oil content, 3 and 3.6-fold increase in CPSI gene expression, 3.4 and 3.6-fold increase in KSLI gene expression, respectively. Conclusions Combined treatments significantly reduce lipid peroxidation and increase pigments, the antioxidant system, essential oil, and the expression of key genes in the carnosic acid pathway. Objective Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), as one of the important medicinal and aromatic plants in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Among the terpenes of rosemary, carnosic acid has gained significant importance due to its therapeutic properties such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antitumor effects. Consequently, researchers' attention has been drawn to the application of elicitors to enhance the growth and increase the essential oil of rosemary. Given the medicinal importance of rosemary and the potential of chitosan and salicylic acid in enhancing plant traits, this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of these elicitors on rosemary traits and the expression of key genes in the carnosic acid pathway (KSLI and CPSI). Materials and methods This research was carried out as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Three months after transplanting the seedlings, chitosan (Ch) at concentrations of 10, 50, and 100 mg/L and salicylic acid (SA) at concentrations of 5, 10, and 20 µM were applied individually and in combination, in three stages at three-week intervals, as foliar sprays on the aerial parts of rosemary. Physiological and biochemical traits and expression of key genes of carnosic acid biosynthesis pathway were measured one week after the last spraying. Results The treatment combinations had synergistic effects on rosemary traits. As the most effective treatments, SA 10 µM + Ch 100 mg/L and SA 20 µM + Ch 50 mg/L treatments led to a 44 and 45% significant decrease in MDA, 2 and 2.5-fold significant increase in phenol, 2.8 and 2.9-fold increase in sugars, 2.6 and 2-fold increase in catalase activity, 2.8 and 2.5-fold increase in SOD activity, 2 and 2.3-fold increase in polyphenol oxidase activity, 3 and 1.9-fold increase in chlorophyll content, 2 and 2.2-fold increase in carotenoid content, 2.3 and 2.6-fold increase in essential oil content, 3 and 3.6-fold increase in CPSI gene expression, 3.4 and 3.6-fold increase in KSLI gene expression, respectively. Conclusions Combined treatments significantly reduce lipid peroxidation and increase pigments, the antioxidant system, essential oil, and the expression of key genes in the carnosic acid pathway.

https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5490_c900ced7451da79502d29aa37ebb7b60.pdf

Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology Society Agricultural Biotechnology Journal 2228-6705 18 3 2026 08 23 Production of Malus domestica L. virus free via meristem culture and the effects of pectin and phloroglucinol on its proliferation Production of Malus domestica L. virus free via meristem culture and the effects of pectin and phloroglucinol on its proliferation 27 54 5491 10.22103/jab.2026.25499.1725 FA Parissa Jonoubi Professor, Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0003-2171-9746 Zohreh Shirkhani Assistant Professor, Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0001-8058-7814 Maedeh Nosoohian MSc graduate, Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. 0009-0008-3352-5993 Journal Article 2025 07 03 Objective Meristem culture is a method used to produce virus-free plants. This study aimed to eliminate common viruses affecting Malus domestica L. Additionally, the investigation focused on the effects of two compounds, pectin and phloroglucinol, on improving branching and rooting. Materials and methods Lateral and apical bud explants were collected at three different time points in July, August, and September. The establishment of meristems was assessed using various concentrations of BA hormones. Explants derived from meristem growth were then transferred to an MS propagation medium supplemented with BA and GA3 hormones. After identifying the most suitable culture medium for propagation, the explants were moved to an optimal medium containing pectin and phloroglucinol to examine their effects on shoot length, shoot number, and leaf development. Rooting of elongated stems from the propagation stage was performed in MS½ medium with NAA and IBA hormones. Additionally, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of phloroglucinol on rooting percentage. To confirm their virus-free status, regenerated plants from meristems were tested using RT-PCR. Results The results indicated that explants collected in the latter half of July in MS medium with a concentration of 1 mg L-1 BA showed the highest establishment percentage (26.66%). The optimal medium for promoting stem elongation contained 1 BA and 1 mg L-1 GA3. The highest leaf development was observed in MS medium with 1 mg L-1 BA and without GA3. The interaction between BA and GA₃ significantly affected the number of secondary branches, whereas no significant effect was observed on the number of primary branches. Adding pectin in the proliferation stage increased the stem length (45%) and the branch number (82.6%). Incorporation of phloroglucinol into the medium led to a 24% increase in stem length but a 39.13% decrease in branch quantity. The highest rooting percentage (34%) was observed in½ MS medium treated with 1 IBA plus 0.5 mg L-1 NAA. Phloroglucinol treatment diminished the rooting percentage while increasing the average number of roots per explant. RT-PCR analysis of the plant samples derived from meristem culture did not reveal any bands indicative of viral infection. Conclusions This research demonstrated that meristem culture is an effective technique for generating virus-free red-fleshed apple plants. Additionally, the RT-PCR method proved to be sufficiently precise for virus detection. Taking all factors into account, the application of pectin and phloroglucinol can serve as two dependable compounds to enhance branching during meristem culture. Objective Meristem culture is a method used to produce virus-free plants. This study aimed to eliminate common viruses affecting Malus domestica L. Additionally, the investigation focused on the effects of two compounds, pectin and phloroglucinol, on improving branching and rooting. Materials and methods Lateral and apical bud explants were collected at three different time points in July, August, and September. The establishment of meristems was assessed using various concentrations of BA hormones. Explants derived from meristem growth were then transferred to an MS propagation medium supplemented with BA and GA3 hormones. After identifying the most suitable culture medium for propagation, the explants were moved to an optimal medium containing pectin and phloroglucinol to examine their effects on shoot length, shoot number, and leaf development. Rooting of elongated stems from the propagation stage was performed in MS½ medium with NAA and IBA hormones. Additionally, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of phloroglucinol on rooting percentage. To confirm their virus-free status, regenerated plants from meristems were tested using RT-PCR. Results The results indicated that explants collected in the latter half of July in MS medium with a concentration of 1 mg L-1 BA showed the highest establishment percentage (26.66%). The optimal medium for promoting stem elongation contained 1 BA and 1 mg L-1 GA3. The highest leaf development was observed in MS medium with 1 mg L-1 BA and without GA3. The interaction between BA and GA₃ significantly affected the number of secondary branches, whereas no significant effect was observed on the number of primary branches. Adding pectin in the proliferation stage increased the stem length (45%) and the branch number (82.6%). Incorporation of phloroglucinol into the medium led to a 24% increase in stem length but a 39.13% decrease in branch quantity. The highest rooting percentage (34%) was observed in½ MS medium treated with 1 IBA plus 0.5 mg L-1 NAA. Phloroglucinol treatment diminished the rooting percentage while increasing the average number of roots per explant. RT-PCR analysis of the plant samples derived from meristem culture did not reveal any bands indicative of viral infection. Conclusions This research demonstrated that meristem culture is an effective technique for generating virus-free red-fleshed apple plants. Additionally, the RT-PCR method proved to be sufficiently precise for virus detection. Taking all factors into account, the application of pectin and phloroglucinol can serve as two dependable compounds to enhance branching during meristem culture.

https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5491_1bc2029a8851ad344a8d503930dfd7f7.pdf

Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology Society Agricultural Biotechnology Journal 2228-6705 18 3 2026 08 23 Proteome analysis of suger beet root in response to drought stress Proteome analysis of suger beet root in response to drought stress 55 76 5492 10.22103/jab.2026.25090.1686 FA Hamed Shams MSc graduate, Department of Plant Breeding & Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultures, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. 0009-0005-0612-691X Mahmoud Toorchi Professor, Department of Plant Breeding & Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran. 0000-0001-7123-9914 Setsuko Komatsu Professor, National Institute of Crop Science, Tsukuba, Japan. 0000-0002-4514-357X Journal Article 2025 04 13 Objective To investigate the effects of drought stress and identify the proteins involved in drought tolerance in sugar beet roots. Materials and methods For this purpose, the drought-tolerant sugar beet genotype Full sib S1-10-8001 was evaluated under normal conditions and drought stress. Seeds were planted in polyvinyl chloride tubes, one meter long and 20 centimeters in diameter. Four weeks after planting, drought stress was applied by interrupting irrigation for seven days in a cyclic manner. Subsequently, the protein pattern of the samples was assessed using two-dimensional electrophoresis and quantitative analysis of the spots. Results Statistical analysis of the traits of underground organ length and tuber length showed significant differences between drought stress and normal conditions, with drought stress leading to a reduction in these parameters and an increase in proline levels in the roots. The results obtained from protein separation using two-dimensional electrophoresis, with IEF in the first dimension and SDS-PAGE in the second dimension, indicated the identification of 59 protein spots from polyacrylamide gels using PDQuest software. Among these spots, 15 protein spots showed significant differences between normal and drought stress conditions, with three spots showing decreased expression and 12 spots showing increased expression. The results indicated that the identified proteins were involved in four functional groups related to stress adaptation mechanisms and defense, metabolism, energy production, and oxidative stress. Conclusion The biological role of the identified proteins in this study suggests that the studied sugar beet genotype likely utilizes various mechanisms, such as controlling reactive oxygen species, increasing lignin production, enhancing defense responses against pathogens, increasing the production of sterol compounds, protecting various biological mechanisms including photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, and protein assembly, as well as accumulating compounds such as glycerol within cells to cope with the negative effects of stress. Objective To investigate the effects of drought stress and identify the proteins involved in drought tolerance in sugar beet roots. Materials and methods For this purpose, the drought-tolerant sugar beet genotype Full sib S1-10-8001 was evaluated under normal conditions and drought stress. Seeds were planted in polyvinyl chloride tubes, one meter long and 20 centimeters in diameter. Four weeks after planting, drought stress was applied by interrupting irrigation for seven days in a cyclic manner. Subsequently, the protein pattern of the samples was assessed using two-dimensional electrophoresis and quantitative analysis of the spots. Results Statistical analysis of the traits of underground organ length and tuber length showed significant differences between drought stress and normal conditions, with drought stress leading to a reduction in these parameters and an increase in proline levels in the roots. The results obtained from protein separation using two-dimensional electrophoresis, with IEF in the first dimension and SDS-PAGE in the second dimension, indicated the identification of 59 protein spots from polyacrylamide gels using PDQuest software. Among these spots, 15 protein spots showed significant differences between normal and drought stress conditions, with three spots showing decreased expression and 12 spots showing increased expression. The results indicated that the identified proteins were involved in four functional groups related to stress adaptation mechanisms and defense, metabolism, energy production, and oxidative stress. Conclusion The biological role of the identified proteins in this study suggests that the studied sugar beet genotype likely utilizes various mechanisms, such as controlling reactive oxygen species, increasing lignin production, enhancing defense responses against pathogens, increasing the production of sterol compounds, protecting various biological mechanisms including photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, and protein assembly, as well as accumulating compounds such as glycerol within cells to cope with the negative effects of stress.

https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5492_f01acd85b5e40e93f565627a8bb8bd98.pdf

Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology Society Agricultural Biotechnology Journal 2228-6705 18 3 2026 08 23 Isolation, screening and selection of Aspergillus and Penicillium strains from wheat rhizosphere for multienzyme production and antifungal properties Isolation, screening and selection of Aspergillus and Penicillium strains from wheat rhizosphere for multienzyme production and antifungal properties 77 104 5493 10.22103/jab.2026.26514.1822 FA Samira Bensmail Laboratory of Valorization and Conservation of Biological Resources, University of Boumerdes, 35000 Boumerdes, Algeria. 0000-0001-5178-9804 Souhila Bensmail Laboratory of Biotechnology and Protection of Agricultural and Natural Ecosystems, University of Bouira, 10000 Bouira, Algeria and Department of Biology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Bouira, 10000 Bouira, Algeria. 0000-0002-6366-7537 Fatma Halouane-Sahir Laboratory of Valorization and Conservation of Biological Resources, University of Boumerdes, 35000 Boumerdes, Algeria. 0000-0002-9880-217X Sadjia Lahiani Laboratory of Valorization and Conservation of Biological Resources, University of Boumerdes, 35000 Boumerdes, Algeria. 0000-0003-0828-6886 Hamza Moussa Department of Biology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Bouira, 10000 Bouira, Algeria. 0000-0002-8507-9760 Samira Mebdoua Laboratory of Biotechnology and Protection of Agricultural and Natural Ecosystems, University of Bouira, 10000 Bouira, Algeria and Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Bouira, 10000 Bouira, Algeria 0009-0000-6252-0720 Journal Article 2025 12 13 Objective Microbial enzymes are crucial for developing industrial bioprocesses due to their economic relevance in various bioindustry sectors. Therefore, the search for new hyper producing strains is very meaningful for meeting industrial needs. This study aimed to isolate and screen Aspergillus and Penicillium strains with high potential for the production of multiple biotechnologically important enzymes and biocontrol of some phytopathogens. Materials and methods: Thirty fungal strains were isolated from the rhizospheric soils of durum wheat crops in central Algeria and identified based on their phenotypic characteristics. Twelve strains from the targeted genera were screened for their ability to produce eight hydrolytic and lignocellulolytic enzymes on specific solid media. The hyper producer strains were tested for simultaneous enzyme production under solid-state fermentation using wheat bran as substrate and antagonism effect against some wheat pathogens (Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. verticillioides, and Alternaria alternata) by dual culture assay. Results: The findings revealed high production rates among screened strains: 100% for amylases, 91.67% for chitinases and cellulases, 83.33% for laccases, 75% for pectinases and lipases, and lower rates for proteases and gelatinases. Among the most efficient strains, A. niger S2 exhibited the highest amylase (5.46 IU/mL), protease (29.80 U/mL), and laccase (0.072 IU/mL) activities. Milk-clotting activities were notable for Penicillium sp. S1 (7.06 SU/mL) and A. niger S9 (46.60 SU/mL). Additionally, the strains produced significant chitinase levels (1.27–1.50 IU/g) within only 48 hours. The antagonistic activity of highly chitinase producers against Fusarium and Alternaria pathogens showed strong inhibition rates ranging from 50.3% to 73.33%, with A. niger S9 being the most effective. Conclusion: These findings revealed the potential of these locally isolated strains as promising candidates not only for the production of industrially relevant enzymes but also as effective biocontrol agents, paving the way for their application in both industrial biotechnology and sustainable agricultural practices. Objective Microbial enzymes are crucial for developing industrial bioprocesses due to their economic relevance in various bioindustry sectors. Therefore, the search for new hyper producing strains is very meaningful for meeting industrial needs. This study aimed to isolate and screen Aspergillus and Penicillium strains with high potential for the production of multiple biotechnologically important enzymes and biocontrol of some phytopathogens. Materials and methods: Thirty fungal strains were isolated from the rhizospheric soils of durum wheat crops in central Algeria and identified based on their phenotypic characteristics. Twelve strains from the targeted genera were screened for their ability to produce eight hydrolytic and lignocellulolytic enzymes on specific solid media. The hyper producer strains were tested for simultaneous enzyme production under solid-state fermentation using wheat bran as substrate and antagonism effect against some wheat pathogens (Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. verticillioides, and Alternaria alternata) by dual culture assay. Results: The findings revealed high production rates among screened strains: 100% for amylases, 91.67% for chitinases and cellulases, 83.33% for laccases, 75% for pectinases and lipases, and lower rates for proteases and gelatinases. Among the most efficient strains, A. niger S2 exhibited the highest amylase (5.46 IU/mL), protease (29.80 U/mL), and laccase (0.072 IU/mL) activities. Milk-clotting activities were notable for Penicillium sp. S1 (7.06 SU/mL) and A. niger S9 (46.60 SU/mL). Additionally, the strains produced significant chitinase levels (1.27–1.50 IU/g) within only 48 hours. The antagonistic activity of highly chitinase producers against Fusarium and Alternaria pathogens showed strong inhibition rates ranging from 50.3% to 73.33%, with A. niger S9 being the most effective. Conclusion: These findings revealed the potential of these locally isolated strains as promising candidates not only for the production of industrially relevant enzymes but also as effective biocontrol agents, paving the way for their application in both industrial biotechnology and sustainable agricultural practices.

https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5493_fdbe012e2e11314b96402b32c0df26b7.pdf

Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology Society Agricultural Biotechnology Journal 2228-6705 18 3 2026 08 23 Immunoregulatory response associated with persistent inflammation overexpression of PD-L1 and viral RNA detection in chronic suppurative otitis Immunoregulatory response associated with persistent inflammation overexpression of PD-L1 and viral RNA detection in chronic suppurative otitis 105 122 5407 10.22103/jab.2026.26516.1823 FA Mohammed A. K. Al-Saadi Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Babylon, Hilla, Iraq. 0000-0002-2299-948X Safa H. Alturaihy Professor of Otolaryngology and Allergy, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Babylon, Hilla, Iraq. 0009-0007-7153-7250 Intidhar Naeem Kareem Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Babylon, Hilla, Iraq. 0009-0002-6341-3112 Journal Article 2025 12 14 Objective Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a chronic middle ear inflammatory disease characterized by microbial biofilms, alterations in immune mechanisms, epithelium and tissue destruction. To determine the relationship between PD-L1 expression and viral RNA positivity in patients with CSOM and the potential role of immune checkpoint analysis in terms of chronicity. Materials and methods There were fifty participants in this study, which included fifty patients with CSOM and twenty-five healthy controls. 50 of them were patients with CSOM attending the Otorhinolaryngology Department, Diwaniyah General Hospital, and 50 of them were apparently healthy controls without middle ear pathology. Patients were aged between 15 and 75 years of both sexes, and they were diagnosed according to clinical and otoscopic examination. RT-PCR was carried out for the detection of the viral genome of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus (N gene of 113 bp), Rhinovirus (UTR gene of 218 bp) and Adenovirus (310 bp). PD-L1 was measured by immunofluorescence assay with a 4-parameter logistic method (ELI). Results Molecular screening for viral RNA by RT-PCR showed that the majority of patients with chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) had one or more viral-positive screens. PCR for the detection of RNA from the viruses (SARS-CoV-2, Rhinovirus, and Adenovirus) was performed in 40/50 (80%) patients, and thereafter, 10/50 (20%) and 6/50 (12%) of the patients were found to be positive for the presence of RNA from Rhinovirus and Adenovirus, respectively. The mean serum PD-L1 level was significantly higher in patients compared with controls (0.242 ± 0.13 versus 1.01 ± 0.05 ng/ml; t = 5.26; P < 0.0001). A positive correlation was found to exist between PD-L1 elevation and viral RNA positivity. PD-L1 expression was remarkably increased in those patients who were positive for viral RNA (1.06 ng/mL) compared to those who were negative (0.58 ng/mL) Conclusion The presence of viral RNA and PD-L1 overexpression in CSOM patients suggests an adaptive imbalanced immune response, which results in the silencing of hyperinflammation and microbial tolerance. These results suggest a major contribution of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway to the chronic nature of otitis media. Objective Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a chronic middle ear inflammatory disease characterized by microbial biofilms, alterations in immune mechanisms, epithelium and tissue destruction. To determine the relationship between PD-L1 expression and viral RNA positivity in patients with CSOM and the potential role of immune checkpoint analysis in terms of chronicity. Materials and methods There were fifty participants in this study, which included fifty patients with CSOM and twenty-five healthy controls. 50 of them were patients with CSOM attending the Otorhinolaryngology Department, Diwaniyah General Hospital, and 50 of them were apparently healthy controls without middle ear pathology. Patients were aged between 15 and 75 years of both sexes, and they were diagnosed according to clinical and otoscopic examination. RT-PCR was carried out for the detection of the viral genome of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus (N gene of 113 bp), Rhinovirus (UTR gene of 218 bp) and Adenovirus (310 bp). PD-L1 was measured by immunofluorescence assay with a 4-parameter logistic method (ELI). Results Molecular screening for viral RNA by RT-PCR showed that the majority of patients with chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) had one or more viral-positive screens. PCR for the detection of RNA from the viruses (SARS-CoV-2, Rhinovirus, and Adenovirus) was performed in 40/50 (80%) patients, and thereafter, 10/50 (20%) and 6/50 (12%) of the patients were found to be positive for the presence of RNA from Rhinovirus and Adenovirus, respectively. The mean serum PD-L1 level was significantly higher in patients compared with controls (0.242 ± 0.13 versus 1.01 ± 0.05 ng/ml; t = 5.26; P < 0.0001). A positive correlation was found to exist between PD-L1 elevation and viral RNA positivity. PD-L1 expression was remarkably increased in those patients who were positive for viral RNA (1.06 ng/mL) compared to those who were negative (0.58 ng/mL) Conclusion The presence of viral RNA and PD-L1 overexpression in CSOM patients suggests an adaptive imbalanced immune response, which results in the silencing of hyperinflammation and microbial tolerance. These results suggest a major contribution of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway to the chronic nature of otitis media.

https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5407_110209d8fae7417509ba71ad97c17639.pdf

Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology Society Agricultural Biotechnology Journal 2228-6705 18 3 2026 08 23 HLA-DQ2 gene association with Celiac disease in Babylon province, Iraq HLA-DQ2 gene association with Celiac disease in Babylon province, Iraq 123 136 5358 10.22103/jab.2026.26571.1828 FA Haider Turky Mousa Al-Mousawi Al-Qasim Green University, College of Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biotechnology, Babylon 51013, Iraq. 0000-0001-9292-4611 Ihsan Ali Alzamily Al-Qasim Green University, College of Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biotechnology, Babylon 51013, Iraq. 0009-0009-2085-6360 Murtadha M. Hussein Al-Qasim Green University, College of Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biotechnology, Babylon 51013, Iraq. 0000-0002-1453-8034 Ali H. Rasool Al-Qasim Green University, College of Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biotechnology, Babylon 51013, Iraq. 0009-0000-1344-0820 Journal Article 2025 12 20 Objective Celiac disease is one of the most common autoimmune disorders caused via gluten consumption of genetically susceptible individuals. This disease causes damages the small intestine through immune response. The main genetic risk factors are HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 genes, along with exposure to gluten. This study aimed to examine genetic and immunological markers of celiac disease in patients from Babylon Province. It compared age distribution between patients and healthy controls, tested for anti-gliadin IgG and IgA antibodies using ELISA, and checked for the presence of the HLA-DQ2 gene using conventional PCR in both groups. Materials and methods Blood samples were collected from patients and healthy controls. Venous blood (3 mL in EDTA tubes for DNA extraction and 2 mL in gel tubes for serology) was drawn from each participant. Samples were transported in a cooling box within 2 to 24 hours and stored at 4°C until analysis. Serological tests detected anti-gliadin IgG and IgA antibodies by ELISA. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood for molecular analysis using conventional PCR to identify the HLA-DQ2 gene. Gel electrophoresis confirmed PCR products, with band size compared to a DNA ladder. Results Conventional PCR showed the HLA-DQ2 gene fragment at approximately 153 bp. In celiac disease patients, the homozygous HLA-DQ2 genotype was the most common, present in 77.2% (14 out of patients tested). The remaining patients lacked this gene, likely due to following a strict gluten-free diet. In the control group, no one carried the HLA-DQ2 gene (0%). Studies demonstrated that HLA-DQ2 homozygosity carries the highest risk, that increase the possibility of early-onset celiac disease in children by 5 to 30 times in comparison to lower-risk genotypes like HLA-DQ8 homozygosity or HLA-DQ2/DQ8 heterozygosity. HLA-DQ2/DQ8 heterozygotes have a lower risk, with only about 3% developing the disease in spite of a 25-35% frequency in the general population. Thus, HLA-DQ2 homozygosity represents most frequent genotype among celiac disease patients. Conclusion Molecular genetic testing plays an important key role in identification of individuals who are at risk of celiac disease. Current study found that the homozygous of HLA-DQ2 genotype is the most common of celiac disease patients in Province of Babylon, in which highlight its strong association with the disease. These findings support the use of genetic screening alongside serological tests for better diagnosis and management. Objective Celiac disease is one of the most common autoimmune disorders caused via gluten consumption of genetically susceptible individuals. This disease causes damages the small intestine through immune response. The main genetic risk factors are HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 genes, along with exposure to gluten. This study aimed to examine genetic and immunological markers of celiac disease in patients from Babylon Province. It compared age distribution between patients and healthy controls, tested for anti-gliadin IgG and IgA antibodies using ELISA, and checked for the presence of the HLA-DQ2 gene using conventional PCR in both groups. Materials and methods Blood samples were collected from patients and healthy controls. Venous blood (3 mL in EDTA tubes for DNA extraction and 2 mL in gel tubes for serology) was drawn from each participant. Samples were transported in a cooling box within 2 to 24 hours and stored at 4°C until analysis. Serological tests detected anti-gliadin IgG and IgA antibodies by ELISA. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood for molecular analysis using conventional PCR to identify the HLA-DQ2 gene. Gel electrophoresis confirmed PCR products, with band size compared to a DNA ladder. Results Conventional PCR showed the HLA-DQ2 gene fragment at approximately 153 bp. In celiac disease patients, the homozygous HLA-DQ2 genotype was the most common, present in 77.2% (14 out of patients tested). The remaining patients lacked this gene, likely due to following a strict gluten-free diet. In the control group, no one carried the HLA-DQ2 gene (0%). Studies demonstrated that HLA-DQ2 homozygosity carries the highest risk, that increase the possibility of early-onset celiac disease in children by 5 to 30 times in comparison to lower-risk genotypes like HLA-DQ8 homozygosity or HLA-DQ2/DQ8 heterozygosity. HLA-DQ2/DQ8 heterozygotes have a lower risk, with only about 3% developing the disease in spite of a 25-35% frequency in the general population. Thus, HLA-DQ2 homozygosity represents most frequent genotype among celiac disease patients. Conclusion Molecular genetic testing plays an important key role in identification of individuals who are at risk of celiac disease. Current study found that the homozygous of HLA-DQ2 genotype is the most common of celiac disease patients in Province of Babylon, in which highlight its strong association with the disease. These findings support the use of genetic screening alongside serological tests for better diagnosis and management.

https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5358_3a246af2678dfad0d536e0a62cf49179.pdf

Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology Society Agricultural Biotechnology Journal 2228-6705 18 3 2026 08 23 Genetic study of miRNA binding site free energy changes and their relationship to histological features in colorectal cancer Genetic study of miRNA binding site free energy changes and their relationship to histological features in colorectal cancer 137 154 5408 10.22103/jab.2026.26904.1863 FA Shaimaa A. Al-Oubaidy Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Medical College, University of Babylon, Iraq. 0000-0002-1518-5170 Asmaa Mohammed Mekkey Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Medical College, University of Babylon, Iraq. 0000-0002-0929-7985 Journal Article 2026 02 23 Objective Histological changes in colorectal cancer are an essential feature influenced by different factors, and they form an important key role in classification and diagnosis of the disease. Colorectal cancer is the most common cancer type that increased in last year among Iraqi population. This study aimed to estimate the association between histological characterization of colorectal cancer and the impact of mi-RNA free energy changings on their binding sites. Materials and methods A cross-sectional study was suggested to achieve the study’s goal, histological features and characterization were used along with the analysis of changing in free energy of some mi-RNA (miR-125a-3p, miR-383-5p, miR-148a, miR-148b, miR-365a, miR-26a, miR-130a and miR-27) binding with their target sequences by PCR sequencing and in silico miRNA-mRNA hybridization prediction. Results The results of these histological features demonstrated that adenocarcinoma was more abundant in this study (75%), about 58% of cases were well differentiated. The glands infiltrate the muscular layer but did not infiltrate the pericolonic fat. The free energy of CRC study samples distribution according to a Binding threshold of ΔG >-15 kcal/mol, a significant change in miR-148b was observed while other mi-RNA varied non-significantly between patient and control group. High energy levels were reported for miR-125a-3p, miR-383-5p, miR-148a, miR-365a and miR-26a in mucinous adenocarcinoma though non-significant. Variation in free energy levels was observed in different stages but non-significant. In the grade categories, significant elevation in miR-27 free energy was seen in well differentiation. All free energy values were non-significantly with respect to metastasis. In all types of mi-RNA, free energy levels were non-significantly changes across the N categories. Significant association was found between miR-365a and miR-148b while an inverse correlation was observed in the control group. On the other hand, in the control group significant association between miR-130a and miR-383-5p whereas an inverse correlation was found in the patient group. Conclusion The findings demonstrated that the binding free energy was greater than -15 kcal/mol in almost all samples, suggesting that the miRNA-mRNA complexes were comparatively stable. miR-27 was found to have a significant impact on the CRC subtype, indicating a role in tumor classification, while miR-148b showed a significant tumor suppressive effect. Modified correlation patterns between patient and control groups' mi-RNA types suggest a power regulatory disturbance that could be useful for CRC diagnosis or treatment. Objective Histological changes in colorectal cancer are an essential feature influenced by different factors, and they form an important key role in classification and diagnosis of the disease. Colorectal cancer is the most common cancer type that increased in last year among Iraqi population. This study aimed to estimate the association between histological characterization of colorectal cancer and the impact of mi-RNA free energy changings on their binding sites. Materials and methods A cross-sectional study was suggested to achieve the study’s goal, histological features and characterization were used along with the analysis of changing in free energy of some mi-RNA (miR-125a-3p, miR-383-5p, miR-148a, miR-148b, miR-365a, miR-26a, miR-130a and miR-27) binding with their target sequences by PCR sequencing and in silico miRNA-mRNA hybridization prediction. Results The results of these histological features demonstrated that adenocarcinoma was more abundant in this study (75%), about 58% of cases were well differentiated. The glands infiltrate the muscular layer but did not infiltrate the pericolonic fat. The free energy of CRC study samples distribution according to a Binding threshold of ΔG >-15 kcal/mol, a significant change in miR-148b was observed while other mi-RNA varied non-significantly between patient and control group. High energy levels were reported for miR-125a-3p, miR-383-5p, miR-148a, miR-365a and miR-26a in mucinous adenocarcinoma though non-significant. Variation in free energy levels was observed in different stages but non-significant. In the grade categories, significant elevation in miR-27 free energy was seen in well differentiation. All free energy values were non-significantly with respect to metastasis. In all types of mi-RNA, free energy levels were non-significantly changes across the N categories. Significant association was found between miR-365a and miR-148b while an inverse correlation was observed in the control group. On the other hand, in the control group significant association between miR-130a and miR-383-5p whereas an inverse correlation was found in the patient group. Conclusion The findings demonstrated that the binding free energy was greater than -15 kcal/mol in almost all samples, suggesting that the miRNA-mRNA complexes were comparatively stable. miR-27 was found to have a significant impact on the CRC subtype, indicating a role in tumor classification, while miR-148b showed a significant tumor suppressive effect. Modified correlation patterns between patient and control groups' mi-RNA types suggest a power regulatory disturbance that could be useful for CRC diagnosis or treatment.

https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5408_0678ca2eae02d542cc931e81b74de122.pdf

Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology Society Agricultural Biotechnology Journal 2228-6705 18 3 2026 08 23 Investigating the cardioprotective effects of Illicium verum Against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats Investigating the cardioprotective effects of Illicium verum Against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats 155 176 5409 10.22103/jab.2026.26830.1851 FA Haitham L. Abdulhadi Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Anbar, Ramadi, Anbar 31001, Iraq. 0000-0002-0719-5934 Journal Article 2026 02 13 Objective One of the chemotherapy drugs used to treat many cancers in the world is doxorubicin (DOX). However, this drug cannot be used indefinitely for treatment. Because it can cause dose-dependent cardiotoxicity. This toxicity causes inflammation and damage to cardiac tissue and oxidative stress. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the potential cardioprotective effects of Illicium verum extract against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Materials and methods Four groups of mice that were randomly selected were used in this experiment. These four groups included the control group, the DOX-treated group, the 100 mg/kg Illicium verum extract treatment group, and the 200 mg/kg Illicium verum extract treatment group. The extract was administered orally for 7 days. Then, DOX injection was performed. The extract was administered orally for 7 days after the injection. Serum cardiac biomarkers including cardiac troponin-I (cTn-I), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured to assess cardiac injury. To complete the evaluations, we also measured inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α), oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde (MDA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO)), and antioxidant parameters (glutathione (GSH) and nitric oxide (NO)). To assess structural damage to cardiac tissue, we also performed histopathological studies. Results DOX injection resulted in significant increases in cardiac enzymes, inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress markers and decreased antioxidant levels. These indicate its cardiotoxic effect. Treatment with Illicium verum extract before injection improved the aforementioned biochemical parameters in a dose-dependent manner. The highest protective effect was observed in the 200 mg/kg extract group. This treatment had lower levels of cardiac injury markers and inflammatory mediators compared to the DOX group. In the extract-treated groups, myocardial injury was reduced, cellular degeneration was reduced, and tissue structure was improved. Conclusion Based on the results of this study, it can be suggested that Illicium verum extract can have significant cardioprotective effects against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. These positive effects may be due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, it is hoped that Illicium verum can be used to reduce cardiac damage associated with doxorubicin treatment. However, further studies on a larger scale are needed to draw definitive conclusions. Objective One of the chemotherapy drugs used to treat many cancers in the world is doxorubicin (DOX). However, this drug cannot be used indefinitely for treatment. Because it can cause dose-dependent cardiotoxicity. This toxicity causes inflammation and damage to cardiac tissue and oxidative stress. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the potential cardioprotective effects of Illicium verum extract against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Materials and methods Four groups of mice that were randomly selected were used in this experiment. These four groups included the control group, the DOX-treated group, the 100 mg/kg Illicium verum extract treatment group, and the 200 mg/kg Illicium verum extract treatment group. The extract was administered orally for 7 days. Then, DOX injection was performed. The extract was administered orally for 7 days after the injection. Serum cardiac biomarkers including cardiac troponin-I (cTn-I), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured to assess cardiac injury. To complete the evaluations, we also measured inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α), oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde (MDA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO)), and antioxidant parameters (glutathione (GSH) and nitric oxide (NO)). To assess structural damage to cardiac tissue, we also performed histopathological studies. Results DOX injection resulted in significant increases in cardiac enzymes, inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress markers and decreased antioxidant levels. These indicate its cardiotoxic effect. Treatment with Illicium verum extract before injection improved the aforementioned biochemical parameters in a dose-dependent manner. The highest protective effect was observed in the 200 mg/kg extract group. This treatment had lower levels of cardiac injury markers and inflammatory mediators compared to the DOX group. In the extract-treated groups, myocardial injury was reduced, cellular degeneration was reduced, and tissue structure was improved. Conclusion Based on the results of this study, it can be suggested that Illicium verum extract can have significant cardioprotective effects against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. These positive effects may be due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, it is hoped that Illicium verum can be used to reduce cardiac damage associated with doxorubicin treatment. However, further studies on a larger scale are needed to draw definitive conclusions.

https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5409_e17a886efc21fa45b9dc49a17c29dcf1.pdf

Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology Society Agricultural Biotechnology Journal 2228-6705 18 3 2026 08 23 Evaluating the process of disseminating tissue culture technology for date palms in Diyala province Evaluating the process of disseminating tissue culture technology for date palms in Diyala province 177 196 5410 10.22103/jab.2026.26841.1853 FA Annon Nadia Kadhum Department of Extension and Transfer, Agriculture Technology College, Agriculture Engineering Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq 0009-0000-4280-3803 Journal Article 2026 02 16 Objective Date palm cultivation and date production hold a prominent position in the agricultural sector in terms of exports, in addition to local consumption and industrial use, as they are used in food industries and feed manufacturing. This study aimed to evaluate the dissemination of tissue culture technology for date palms in Diyala Governorate in terms of planning, organization, implementation, and evaluation, and to identify the reactions of date palm orchard owners regarding the application of tissue culture technology in Diyala Governorate. Materials and methods The study sample consisted of 113 date palm farmers. A diagnostic research approach was used to evaluate the process of disseminating date palm tissue culture (DPTC) technology in Diyala Governorate in terms of planning, organization, implementation, and evaluation to achieve the first objective. A field research approach was used to achieve the second objective by employing a questionnaire as a means to obtain information from the respondents using a tripartite scale (Agree, Somewhat Agree, and Disagree) to measure the reactions of date palm farmers towards the application of tissue culture technology. The following scores were assigned to the scale statements (1, 2, 3) respectively, with 24 items identified. Results The results showed that the planning for the dissemination process of tissue culture technology is based on a sequence from planning, diagnosis, expansion, evaluation, and that the greatest effort was expended on the preparatory and organizational stages. The results also indicated that tissue culture technology is an effective and scientifically promising technology that has contributed to increasing the number of produced offshoots, improving the quality and health of date palms, in addition to developing the genetic and productive characteristics of date palms. However, the field expertise of the respondents was not at the required level, and date palm farmers still need more support and expertise in this field. Conclusion The study recommended the necessity of working to enhance extension programs, support the field expertise of the respondents, and focus on training personnel and dividing roles and responsibilities. Objective Date palm cultivation and date production hold a prominent position in the agricultural sector in terms of exports, in addition to local consumption and industrial use, as they are used in food industries and feed manufacturing. This study aimed to evaluate the dissemination of tissue culture technology for date palms in Diyala Governorate in terms of planning, organization, implementation, and evaluation, and to identify the reactions of date palm orchard owners regarding the application of tissue culture technology in Diyala Governorate. Materials and methods The study sample consisted of 113 date palm farmers. A diagnostic research approach was used to evaluate the process of disseminating date palm tissue culture (DPTC) technology in Diyala Governorate in terms of planning, organization, implementation, and evaluation to achieve the first objective. A field research approach was used to achieve the second objective by employing a questionnaire as a means to obtain information from the respondents using a tripartite scale (Agree, Somewhat Agree, and Disagree) to measure the reactions of date palm farmers towards the application of tissue culture technology. The following scores were assigned to the scale statements (1, 2, 3) respectively, with 24 items identified. Results The results showed that the planning for the dissemination process of tissue culture technology is based on a sequence from planning, diagnosis, expansion, evaluation, and that the greatest effort was expended on the preparatory and organizational stages. The results also indicated that tissue culture technology is an effective and scientifically promising technology that has contributed to increasing the number of produced offshoots, improving the quality and health of date palms, in addition to developing the genetic and productive characteristics of date palms. However, the field expertise of the respondents was not at the required level, and date palm farmers still need more support and expertise in this field. Conclusion The study recommended the necessity of working to enhance extension programs, support the field expertise of the respondents, and focus on training personnel and dividing roles and responsibilities.

https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5410_4ff6fa96179cdc2838e8d8ce64cd10a7.pdf

Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology Society Agricultural Biotechnology Journal 2228-6705 18 3 2026 08 23 Dynamics of primary and secondary metabolites in Chlorella vulgaris exposed to biological stress and varied harvesting periods Dynamics of primary and secondary metabolites in Chlorella vulgaris exposed to biological stress and varied harvesting periods 197 212 5411 10.22103/jab.2026.26862.1855 FA Zeina Gany Fadeel Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Diyala, Iraq. 0009-0001-9259-5675 Farah Qasim Ali Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Diyala, Iraq. 0009-0007-9944-8495 Muthana M. I. Al-Mahdawe Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Diyala, Iraq 0000-0002-7450-0951 Journal Article 2026 02 19 Objective Chlorella vulgaris is a microalga that is a promising candidate for solving many problems due to its ease of cultivation, rapid growth, absorption of carbon dioxide, and production of oxygen during its growth, as well as its production of many primary and secondary compound. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different concentrations of biocarbon, days variation of harvesting cells, and their interaction in Chlorella vulgaris. Also, it aimed to estimate the rate of protein, lipid, carbohydrate, and phenolic acid. Materials and methods In this study, the experiment was conducted in the plant tissue culture laboratory of Diyala University under sterile conditions. Algae were grown in BG11 medium at a temperature of about 25°C with a photoperiod of 16.8 hours. Biocarbon was added to the medium at concentrations of 300, 600, and 900 mg/L. Samples were collected on days 7, 14, and 21. Then, the amount of protein was measured by the Kjeldahl method, fat by the Soxhlet apparatus, carbohydrate by the phenol-sulfuric acid method, and flavonoid compounds by HPLC. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications, and the data were analyzed with SPSS software at a significance level of 0.05. Results It was observed that there was a direct correlation with increasing biocarbon concentration added to the culture medium; the highest values reached 61.666, 9.155, and 18.362 mg/L, respectively at a concentration of 900 ppm. Considering the time of cell harvesting, the highest values were found after 14 days from adding biocarbon to the culture medium. They reached 60.025, 8.540, and 17.741 mg/L for protein, lipid, and carbohydrate, respectively. According to the results of the phenolic acids, namely Rutin, Caffeic Acid, Luteolin, and Syringic Acid, the highest values reached at a concentration of 900 ppm in all these compounds. These values were 110.255, 78.644, 88.722, and 69.277 mg/L, respectively. Conclusion The results of this study showed that adding biocarbon to the culture medium increased the amount of protein, fat, carbohydrates, and phenolic compounds in Chlorella vulgaris algae. The highest amount of these compounds was observed at a concentration of 900 mg/L and at a harvest time of 14 days. Therefore, biocarbon can improve the growth and production of beneficial compounds in this alga. Objective Chlorella vulgaris is a microalga that is a promising candidate for solving many problems due to its ease of cultivation, rapid growth, absorption of carbon dioxide, and production of oxygen during its growth, as well as its production of many primary and secondary compound. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different concentrations of biocarbon, days variation of harvesting cells, and their interaction in Chlorella vulgaris. Also, it aimed to estimate the rate of protein, lipid, carbohydrate, and phenolic acid. Materials and methods In this study, the experiment was conducted in the plant tissue culture laboratory of Diyala University under sterile conditions. Algae were grown in BG11 medium at a temperature of about 25°C with a photoperiod of 16.8 hours. Biocarbon was added to the medium at concentrations of 300, 600, and 900 mg/L. Samples were collected on days 7, 14, and 21. Then, the amount of protein was measured by the Kjeldahl method, fat by the Soxhlet apparatus, carbohydrate by the phenol-sulfuric acid method, and flavonoid compounds by HPLC. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications, and the data were analyzed with SPSS software at a significance level of 0.05. Results It was observed that there was a direct correlation with increasing biocarbon concentration added to the culture medium; the highest values reached 61.666, 9.155, and 18.362 mg/L, respectively at a concentration of 900 ppm. Considering the time of cell harvesting, the highest values were found after 14 days from adding biocarbon to the culture medium. They reached 60.025, 8.540, and 17.741 mg/L for protein, lipid, and carbohydrate, respectively. According to the results of the phenolic acids, namely Rutin, Caffeic Acid, Luteolin, and Syringic Acid, the highest values reached at a concentration of 900 ppm in all these compounds. These values were 110.255, 78.644, 88.722, and 69.277 mg/L, respectively. Conclusion The results of this study showed that adding biocarbon to the culture medium increased the amount of protein, fat, carbohydrates, and phenolic compounds in Chlorella vulgaris algae. The highest amount of these compounds was observed at a concentration of 900 mg/L and at a harvest time of 14 days. Therefore, biocarbon can improve the growth and production of beneficial compounds in this alga.

https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5411_3bc71faebe42e1639eb6fded38d714cd.pdf

Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology Society Agricultural Biotechnology Journal 2228-6705 18 3 2026 08 23 Effect of nanoparticles on callus induction to produce secondary metabolites in Salvia hispanica L Effect of nanoparticles on callus induction to produce secondary metabolites in Salvia hispanica L 213 230 5412 10.22103/jab.2026.26948.1869 FA Shaimaa N. Mizil Department of Biology, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq. 0000-0002-3660-9366 Ekhlas A. J. Elkaaby Scientific Research Commission, Baghdad, Iraq. Lumeaa A. M. Alshimmary Scientific Research Commission, Baghdad, Iraq. Ashwaq A. A. Al Aubaidy Scientific Research Commission, Baghdad, Iraq Journal Article 2026 02 28 Objective The seeds of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) have a variety of polyphenolic compounds, which include flavonoids, phenolic acids, depsides and catechins. They are rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds and contain bioactive compounds; therefore, they are allowed as ingredients in food, dietary supplements, and cosmetic products. Moreover, nanoparticles are emerging as innovative elicitors in agriculture and plant biotechnology. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe₂O₃ NPs) as nano-elicitors for enhancing the biosynthesis of bioactive phenolic compounds found in callus cultures derived from Salvia hispanica L. (chia). Materials and methods Callus cultures were produced from shoot explants on Murashige and Skoog (MS) growth medium supplemented with 1 mg/L BA and 1 mg/L IAA. The cultures were subjected to various concentrations of Fe₂O₃ NPs (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 mg/L) and subsequently analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine the profile of the phenolic compounds. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Duncan's multiple range test at p ≤ 0.05. Results Strong concentration-dependent modulation of the phenolic profile was observed, with six phenolic acids (protocatechuic, ferulic, vanillic, syringic, chlorogenic, and p-coumaric) exhibiting maximum accumulation at the lowest dosage of 5 mg/L (increased by 282%) and the rosmarinic acid accumulating progressively with a peak level at 25 mg/L (increased by 123%). Gallic acid peaked at 15 mg/L, while rosmarinic acid increased progressively, reaching 1771 µg/mL (123% higher than control) at 25 mg/L. Treatment with Fe₂O₃ NPs enhanced phenolic acid production in callus cultures. The 5 mg/L concentration led to the highest overall accumulation of phenolic acids, whereas higher concentrations preferentially stimulated the biosynthesis of specific compounds, including gallic acid and rosmarinic acid. Conclusion Results show that Fe₂O₃ NPs can act as potent, low-cost elicitors that selectively increase the biosynthesis of value-added phenolics in the callus cultures of chia for use as nutraceuticals. This study provides a basis for further optimization and scale-up of nanoparticle-mediated elicitation to enhance the production of bioactive metabolites in plant cell culture systems. Objective The seeds of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) have a variety of polyphenolic compounds, which include flavonoids, phenolic acids, depsides and catechins. They are rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds and contain bioactive compounds; therefore, they are allowed as ingredients in food, dietary supplements, and cosmetic products. Moreover, nanoparticles are emerging as innovative elicitors in agriculture and plant biotechnology. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe₂O₃ NPs) as nano-elicitors for enhancing the biosynthesis of bioactive phenolic compounds found in callus cultures derived from Salvia hispanica L. (chia). Materials and methods Callus cultures were produced from shoot explants on Murashige and Skoog (MS) growth medium supplemented with 1 mg/L BA and 1 mg/L IAA. The cultures were subjected to various concentrations of Fe₂O₃ NPs (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 mg/L) and subsequently analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine the profile of the phenolic compounds. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Duncan's multiple range test at p ≤ 0.05. Results Strong concentration-dependent modulation of the phenolic profile was observed, with six phenolic acids (protocatechuic, ferulic, vanillic, syringic, chlorogenic, and p-coumaric) exhibiting maximum accumulation at the lowest dosage of 5 mg/L (increased by 282%) and the rosmarinic acid accumulating progressively with a peak level at 25 mg/L (increased by 123%). Gallic acid peaked at 15 mg/L, while rosmarinic acid increased progressively, reaching 1771 µg/mL (123% higher than control) at 25 mg/L. Treatment with Fe₂O₃ NPs enhanced phenolic acid production in callus cultures. The 5 mg/L concentration led to the highest overall accumulation of phenolic acids, whereas higher concentrations preferentially stimulated the biosynthesis of specific compounds, including gallic acid and rosmarinic acid. Conclusion Results show that Fe₂O₃ NPs can act as potent, low-cost elicitors that selectively increase the biosynthesis of value-added phenolics in the callus cultures of chia for use as nutraceuticals. This study provides a basis for further optimization and scale-up of nanoparticle-mediated elicitation to enhance the production of bioactive metabolites in plant cell culture systems.

https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5412_56dc0997d871e9177069bb472574eb29.pdf

Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology Society Agricultural Biotechnology Journal 2228-6705 18 3 2026 08 23 Study of amino acids and the functional properties of two types of algae (Arthrospira platensis and a local Arthrospira sp) Study of amino acids and the functional properties of two types of algae (Arthrospira platensis and a local Arthrospira sp) 231 250 5414 10.22103/jab.2026.27007.1871 FA Lina Sameer Mohammed Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Iraq. 0000-0002-0147-2611 Mahmood Shakir Hashim Marine science center, University of Basrah, Iraq. 0000-0002-7272-2067 Mujtaba AbdulWahab Taher Ankush Department of Fisheries and Marine Resources, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Iraq. 0000-0002-4703-2224 Journal Article 2026 04 14 Objective Algae have the ability to grow rapidly, utilize light energy and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and produce a greater amount of biomass per hectare compared to vascular plants. The bioactive compounds have antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiviral properties, as well as the prevention of stomach ulcers, constipation, anemia, diabetes, and hypertension. The aim of this study was to compare the proximate composition, GC-MS volatile profile, amino acid composition, and selected functional properties (water- and oil-holding capacities) of S. major and S. platensis collected from Basrah, Iraq. Materials and methods This study was conducted on two types of algae, Spirulina paltensis and Spirulina major, collected from water bodies in the Karma Ali area of Basra Governorate, southern Iraq. Preliminary analyses of the algal extracts were performed, including the analysis of proteins, carbohydrates, phenols, flavonoids, and glycosides, as well as their chemical composition. Results The protein content in S. major was 55.6%, and in S. paltensis, it was 53.11%. The content of bioactive compounds was determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 39 bioactive compounds were identified in both algae. The highest concentration in Spirulina major was 32, represented by hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester, followed by 13, represented by hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester. The bioactive compounds in Spirulina paltensis were not specified. The alga S. paltensis showed that the highest concentration was at peak 34, represented by the compound Hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester, followed by peak 13, represented by the compound Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester. The amino acid profile of the two algae was also studied, identifying 13 amino acids in both species. Serine was the most abundant, reaching concentrations of 52.1 µg/gm and 62.4 µg/gm in S. major and S. paltensis. Conclusion Regarding functional properties such as water-holding capacity and lipid binding, S. major exhibited superiority over S.paltensis. Objective Algae have the ability to grow rapidly, utilize light energy and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and produce a greater amount of biomass per hectare compared to vascular plants. The bioactive compounds have antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiviral properties, as well as the prevention of stomach ulcers, constipation, anemia, diabetes, and hypertension. The aim of this study was to compare the proximate composition, GC-MS volatile profile, amino acid composition, and selected functional properties (water- and oil-holding capacities) of S. major and S. platensis collected from Basrah, Iraq. Materials and methods This study was conducted on two types of algae, Spirulina paltensis and Spirulina major, collected from water bodies in the Karma Ali area of Basra Governorate, southern Iraq. Preliminary analyses of the algal extracts were performed, including the analysis of proteins, carbohydrates, phenols, flavonoids, and glycosides, as well as their chemical composition. Results The protein content in S. major was 55.6%, and in S. paltensis, it was 53.11%. The content of bioactive compounds was determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 39 bioactive compounds were identified in both algae. The highest concentration in Spirulina major was 32, represented by hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester, followed by 13, represented by hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester. The bioactive compounds in Spirulina paltensis were not specified. The alga S. paltensis showed that the highest concentration was at peak 34, represented by the compound Hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester, followed by peak 13, represented by the compound Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester. The amino acid profile of the two algae was also studied, identifying 13 amino acids in both species. Serine was the most abundant, reaching concentrations of 52.1 µg/gm and 62.4 µg/gm in S. major and S. paltensis. Conclusion Regarding functional properties such as water-holding capacity and lipid binding, S. major exhibited superiority over S.paltensis.

https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5414_d3e2e8f631bd9336ed25b8162aef8782.pdf

Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology Society Agricultural Biotechnology Journal 2228-6705 18 3 2026 08 23 S100A1 downregulation as a calcium-energetic marker in acute myocardial infarction: Correlation with angiogenic and inflammatory pathways S100A1 downregulation as a calcium-energetic marker in acute myocardial infarction: Correlation with angiogenic and inflammatory pathways 251 268 5413 10.22103/jab.2026.26901.1859 FA Elham F. Hamzah College of Medicine, Babylon University, Hillah, Iraq 0009-0001-8944-2563 Abdulsamie Hassan Altaee College of Medicine, Babylon University, Hillah, Iraq. 0000-0002-2951-7973 Ameer Aljubawii College of Medicine, Babylon University, Hillah, Iraq 0000-0002-9801-6929 Journal Article 2026 02 23 Objective Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a condition of synchronized biological reprogramming characterized by calcium dysregulation, inflammatory activation, and compromised vascular repair. S100A1 is a Ca²⁺-binding protein abundant in cardiomyocytes that is crucial for excitation-contraction coupling and mitochondrial energetics, thus potentially indicating cardiac functional stability beyond necrotic damage. The aim of this study was to assess S100A1 protein and its mRNA expression, as well as their correlation with inflammatory and vascular mediators in patients with AMI. Materials and methods This case-control study (n = 176) assessed circulating S100A1 protein and gene expression in conjunction with TNF-α and VEGF-A levels. Venous blood samples (5 mL) were obtained from patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) within 12 hours of symptoms onset and from control participants at the time of enrolment. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was conducted with SYBR Green dye and the Stratagene Mx3005P platform. Statistical analyses were conducted utilizing SPSS (IBM v25.0) and GraphPad Prism (v9.0). Results Patients with acute myocardial infarction showed a marked decrease in S100A1 protein levels, both at the protein level and at the transcriptional level, compared to healthy patients. This decrease was concurrent with a decrease in VEGF-A levels and an increase in TNF-α levels. TNF-α and VEGF-A were shown to be significantly positively correlated (r = 0.396, p = 0.013; *p < 0.05). The expression of S100A1 showed no discernible linear correlation with inflammatory mediators, indicating that the calcium-energetic axis is rather independent. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed a significant downregulation of S100A1 mRNA expression in patients with (AMI) compared with healthy controls. The mean ΔCt difference was approximately 2.1 cycles (95% CI: 1.95-2.25), indicating an estimated 4.3-fold decrease in S100A1 protein mRNA expression in acute myocardial infarction. Conclusion Thus, these results support the inclusion of S100A1 in multi-marker frameworks to enhance risk classification in acute myocardial infarction and highlight its significance as a mechanistic biomarker for compromised cardiac function. Objective Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a condition of synchronized biological reprogramming characterized by calcium dysregulation, inflammatory activation, and compromised vascular repair. S100A1 is a Ca²⁺-binding protein abundant in cardiomyocytes that is crucial for excitation-contraction coupling and mitochondrial energetics, thus potentially indicating cardiac functional stability beyond necrotic damage. The aim of this study was to assess S100A1 protein and its mRNA expression, as well as their correlation with inflammatory and vascular mediators in patients with AMI. Materials and methods This case-control study (n = 176) assessed circulating S100A1 protein and gene expression in conjunction with TNF-α and VEGF-A levels. Venous blood samples (5 mL) were obtained from patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) within 12 hours of symptoms onset and from control participants at the time of enrolment. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was conducted with SYBR Green dye and the Stratagene Mx3005P platform. Statistical analyses were conducted utilizing SPSS (IBM v25.0) and GraphPad Prism (v9.0). Results Patients with acute myocardial infarction showed a marked decrease in S100A1 protein levels, both at the protein level and at the transcriptional level, compared to healthy patients. This decrease was concurrent with a decrease in VEGF-A levels and an increase in TNF-α levels. TNF-α and VEGF-A were shown to be significantly positively correlated (r = 0.396, p = 0.013; *p < 0.05). The expression of S100A1 showed no discernible linear correlation with inflammatory mediators, indicating that the calcium-energetic axis is rather independent. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed a significant downregulation of S100A1 mRNA expression in patients with (AMI) compared with healthy controls. The mean ΔCt difference was approximately 2.1 cycles (95% CI: 1.95-2.25), indicating an estimated 4.3-fold decrease in S100A1 protein mRNA expression in acute myocardial infarction. Conclusion Thus, these results support the inclusion of S100A1 in multi-marker frameworks to enhance risk classification in acute myocardial infarction and highlight its significance as a mechanistic biomarker for compromised cardiac function.

https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5413_ddb1b62e0c8c0b8b020fb2a35cee6494.pdf

Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology Society Agricultural Biotechnology Journal 2228-6705 18 3 2026 08 23 Insulin-like growth factor binding protein gene polymorphisms and its effect on some productive and physiological traits of local Iraqi chicken Insulin-like growth factor binding protein gene polymorphisms and its effect on some productive and physiological traits of local Iraqi chicken 269 286 5415 10.22103/jab.2026.27008.1872 FA Bassam G. M. AL-Khatib Department of Animal Production, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. 0000-0002-9439-6442 Alan A. Noori Department of Animal Production, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. 0000-0003-1949-9502 H. A. Al-Mashhadani Department of Animal Production, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. 0009-0007-9959-9656 Journal Article 2026 04 14 Objective Insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP) plays a crucial role in the growth and development of chicken embryos and during the post-hatching stage. The aim of this study was to investigate IGFBP-2 gene polymorphisms and their effects on some productive and physiological traits of local Iraqi chicken. Materials and methods This study was conducted at the poultry farm of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad. One hundred local chickens before sexual maturity were used in this study. Blood samples were collected from the wing vein to extract DNA and molecular analysis and PCR amplification. Blood serum was also collected to measure biochemical parameters including total protein, glucose, lipid profile, albumin, and globulin concentrations. Production traits were recorded from the first egg production for a period of 100 days, which was divided into seven periods. These traits included number of eggs produced, mean egg weight, egg mass, age and body weight at sexual maturity, and mean feed consumption. The qualitative characteristics of the egg were also measured. PCR was performed to amplify a 386 bp fragment of the IGFBP-2 gene. The amplified fragments were then sequenced using the Sanger method. Results Three genotypes wild (TT), heterozygous (TC), and mutant (CC) were obtained, with two alleles T and C. The CC genotype showed a significantly higher frequency (p≤0.01) compared with TC and TT genotypes (59%, 30%, and 11%, respectively). Genotype had a significant effect (p≤0.05) on the number of eggs produced only in the third week. The TT had the superiority over CC (47.09 and 44.09) respectively. A significant effect (p≤0.05) was observed for eggshell weight, where the TC genotype was superior to CC (7.14 vs. 6.63 g). For yolk height, TT and TC genotypes showed significantly higher values than CC (19.09, 19.00, and 17.77 mm, respectively). For albumen height, the TT genotype showed a significant increase compared with CC (7.38 vs. 6.49 mm). A significant effect (p≤0.05) was also observed on serum albumin concentration, and the CC genotype showed a significantly higher value than TC (2.51 and 2.34 g/dL, respectively). No other significant effect was observed on blood serum biochemical characteristics. Conclusion Our results show that polymorphism in the IGFBP-2 gene can probably influence some production and egg quality traits in local Iraqi chickens. So, it can be considered as potential genetic marker for selection programs. Objective Insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP) plays a crucial role in the growth and development of chicken embryos and during the post-hatching stage. The aim of this study was to investigate IGFBP-2 gene polymorphisms and their effects on some productive and physiological traits of local Iraqi chicken. Materials and methods This study was conducted at the poultry farm of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad. One hundred local chickens before sexual maturity were used in this study. Blood samples were collected from the wing vein to extract DNA and molecular analysis and PCR amplification. Blood serum was also collected to measure biochemical parameters including total protein, glucose, lipid profile, albumin, and globulin concentrations. Production traits were recorded from the first egg production for a period of 100 days, which was divided into seven periods. These traits included number of eggs produced, mean egg weight, egg mass, age and body weight at sexual maturity, and mean feed consumption. The qualitative characteristics of the egg were also measured. PCR was performed to amplify a 386 bp fragment of the IGFBP-2 gene. The amplified fragments were then sequenced using the Sanger method. Results Three genotypes wild (TT), heterozygous (TC), and mutant (CC) were obtained, with two alleles T and C. The CC genotype showed a significantly higher frequency (p≤0.01) compared with TC and TT genotypes (59%, 30%, and 11%, respectively). Genotype had a significant effect (p≤0.05) on the number of eggs produced only in the third week. The TT had the superiority over CC (47.09 and 44.09) respectively. A significant effect (p≤0.05) was observed for eggshell weight, where the TC genotype was superior to CC (7.14 vs. 6.63 g). For yolk height, TT and TC genotypes showed significantly higher values than CC (19.09, 19.00, and 17.77 mm, respectively). For albumen height, the TT genotype showed a significant increase compared with CC (7.38 vs. 6.49 mm). A significant effect (p≤0.05) was also observed on serum albumin concentration, and the CC genotype showed a significantly higher value than TC (2.51 and 2.34 g/dL, respectively). No other significant effect was observed on blood serum biochemical characteristics. Conclusion Our results show that polymorphism in the IGFBP-2 gene can probably influence some production and egg quality traits in local Iraqi chickens. So, it can be considered as potential genetic marker for selection programs.

https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5415_3891b14b5d8cce2fdd8dcdb4ded28f6d.pdf

Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology Society Agricultural Biotechnology Journal 2228-6705 18 3 2026 08 23 Effect of mutagenic ultraviolet radiation on adult Monosteira buccata Horv. (Hemiptera: Tingidae) isolated from poplar trees in Nineveh Forest Effect of mutagenic ultraviolet radiation on adult Monosteira buccata Horv. (Hemiptera: Tingidae) isolated from poplar trees in Nineveh Forest 287 298 5416 10.22103/jab.2026.27009.1873 FA Sahar Tahir Fadhil College of Science, Department of Biology, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq. 0009-0008-3713-3583 Journal Article 2026 04 14 Objective Physical agents especially the ultraviolet radiation have become a viable option in the control of insect pests. It has been found to have negative impacts on insects, causing direct DNA damage such as the formation of pyrimidine dimers, and provoking oxidative stress and subsequent dysfunction, reduced survival and cell death. The aim of this study was to estimate the effect of the ultraviolet radiation in the control of the poplar bug and also assess its efficacy as an alternative or supplement to conventional pesticides. Materials and methods In this study, adult M. buccata insects were collected from poplar leaves. After that, they were stored in sterile glass bottles and then transferred to the entomology laboratory of the University of Mosul. The toxicity of Finch insecticide at three concentrations (25, 50 and 100%) was investigated by leaf immersion method and placing 10 insects per Petri dish. The effect of ultraviolet radiation with a wavelength of 254 nm was also evaluated at different times. Finally, the synergistic effect of ultraviolet radiation and insecticide on insect mortality was also measured. Results Insect mortality increased with increasing insecticide concentration with the mortality rate increasing with the 25% concentration up to 100% concentration to 55.5 and 95.5 % respectively. The exposure times to UV have an important effect on the rising mortality. The mortality rate was 48% at an exposure time of five minutes to 100 at the exposure time of 20 minutes. This shows the enhancing effect of UV radiation in the toxicity of the insect. In addition, the synergistic effect of the UV radiation versus the chemical insecticide Fentanol in 100 % concentration exhibited a complete synergy as the adult insects’ poplar bugs were found to be completely dead at 15 minutes and 20 minutes of exposure. All these findings demonstrate that treatment by physical agents like UV radiation in combination with chemical agents enhances the control efficacy, reduces the dosage of pesticides required. Conclusion It can be concluded that the use of Finch pesticide, especially when combined with ultraviolet radiation, represents a promising option within integrated pest management programs and has a great potential in decreasing the density of the adult insects (poplar bug) Monosteira buccata. Objective Physical agents especially the ultraviolet radiation have become a viable option in the control of insect pests. It has been found to have negative impacts on insects, causing direct DNA damage such as the formation of pyrimidine dimers, and provoking oxidative stress and subsequent dysfunction, reduced survival and cell death. The aim of this study was to estimate the effect of the ultraviolet radiation in the control of the poplar bug and also assess its efficacy as an alternative or supplement to conventional pesticides. Materials and methods In this study, adult M. buccata insects were collected from poplar leaves. After that, they were stored in sterile glass bottles and then transferred to the entomology laboratory of the University of Mosul. The toxicity of Finch insecticide at three concentrations (25, 50 and 100%) was investigated by leaf immersion method and placing 10 insects per Petri dish. The effect of ultraviolet radiation with a wavelength of 254 nm was also evaluated at different times. Finally, the synergistic effect of ultraviolet radiation and insecticide on insect mortality was also measured. Results Insect mortality increased with increasing insecticide concentration with the mortality rate increasing with the 25% concentration up to 100% concentration to 55.5 and 95.5 % respectively. The exposure times to UV have an important effect on the rising mortality. The mortality rate was 48% at an exposure time of five minutes to 100 at the exposure time of 20 minutes. This shows the enhancing effect of UV radiation in the toxicity of the insect. In addition, the synergistic effect of the UV radiation versus the chemical insecticide Fentanol in 100 % concentration exhibited a complete synergy as the adult insects’ poplar bugs were found to be completely dead at 15 minutes and 20 minutes of exposure. All these findings demonstrate that treatment by physical agents like UV radiation in combination with chemical agents enhances the control efficacy, reduces the dosage of pesticides required. Conclusion It can be concluded that the use of Finch pesticide, especially when combined with ultraviolet radiation, represents a promising option within integrated pest management programs and has a great potential in decreasing the density of the adult insects (poplar bug) Monosteira buccata.

https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5416_7fbe9c04f99dbfbc738ae9079740a314.pdf

Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology Society Agricultural Biotechnology Journal 2228-6705 18 3 2026 08 23 Identifying flavor compounds in pollen and their role in attracting honeybee Identifying flavor compounds in pollen and their role in attracting honeybee 299 312 5417 10.22103/jab.2026.27010.1874 FA Mohammed Alwan Salman College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Iraq. Mahmood Shakir Hashim Marine science center, University of Basrah, Iraq. 0000-0002-7272-2067 Ghazwan Faisal Alsaedi Date Palm Research Center, University of Basrah, Iraq. 0000-0003-1274-1853 Journal Article 2026 04 14 Objective Bee pollen is an essential source of nutrition for honeybees. In addition, bee pollen has biological properties such as antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, immune modulator, antitumor, anti-aging, anti-anemia and anti-osteoporosis. This study was conducted to identify the diversity of flavor compounds in bee pollen and their effect in attracting worker honeybees within the colony. Materials and methods Three types of bee pollen were collected from honeybee colonies during different seasons using pollen traps installed at the hive entrances. The extraction of flavor compounds from bee pollen grains was carried out. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was performed on a fused silica capillary column with specifications. The completely randomized design (CRD) was used for data analysis. Results The results showed a diversity in flavor compounds in the three types of bee pollen and a difference in the proportions of their components. Type A of bee pollen was unique in that it contained its own flavor compounds that were not available in the other two types, B and C, and vice versa. Several compounds were detected at similar retention times in the three pollen types, while these compounds differed in their proportions according to the type of bee pollen grain. Among the most important compounds that appeared in the three types of bee pollen grains were 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z), n-hexadecanoic acid, 4H-pyran-4-one, γ-sitosterol, linolenic acid derivatives, and campesterol. In addition to similar compounds that appeared in small proportions. Regarding the effect of flavor compounds in attracting worker honeybees while feeding on them, the results of the statistical analysis (P≤0.05) showed no significant differences between the averages for the three types of bee pollen. Conclusion Our results highlight the importance and utility of pollen flavors in bee nutrition and behavior. The more we understand about the chemical composition of bee pollen and its role in honey bee attraction, the better we can help improve artificial diets and pollen substitutes used in beekeeping practices. Objective Bee pollen is an essential source of nutrition for honeybees. In addition, bee pollen has biological properties such as antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, immune modulator, antitumor, anti-aging, anti-anemia and anti-osteoporosis. This study was conducted to identify the diversity of flavor compounds in bee pollen and their effect in attracting worker honeybees within the colony. Materials and methods Three types of bee pollen were collected from honeybee colonies during different seasons using pollen traps installed at the hive entrances. The extraction of flavor compounds from bee pollen grains was carried out. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was performed on a fused silica capillary column with specifications. The completely randomized design (CRD) was used for data analysis. Results The results showed a diversity in flavor compounds in the three types of bee pollen and a difference in the proportions of their components. Type A of bee pollen was unique in that it contained its own flavor compounds that were not available in the other two types, B and C, and vice versa. Several compounds were detected at similar retention times in the three pollen types, while these compounds differed in their proportions according to the type of bee pollen grain. Among the most important compounds that appeared in the three types of bee pollen grains were 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z), n-hexadecanoic acid, 4H-pyran-4-one, γ-sitosterol, linolenic acid derivatives, and campesterol. In addition to similar compounds that appeared in small proportions. Regarding the effect of flavor compounds in attracting worker honeybees while feeding on them, the results of the statistical analysis (P≤0.05) showed no significant differences between the averages for the three types of bee pollen. Conclusion Our results highlight the importance and utility of pollen flavors in bee nutrition and behavior. The more we understand about the chemical composition of bee pollen and its role in honey bee attraction, the better we can help improve artificial diets and pollen substitutes used in beekeeping practices.

https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5417_4db73860ecb5533b5a6c710341d5bbec.pdf

Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology Society Agricultural Biotechnology Journal 2228-6705 18 3 2026 08 23 Sequential morphohistological and scanning electron microscopic developmental study of thymus at prenatal stages in Iraqi Awassi sheep fetuses Sequential morphohistological and scanning electron microscopic developmental study of thymus at prenatal stages in Iraqi Awassi sheep fetuses 313 332 5425 10.22103/jab.2026.27058.1877 FA Zahraa Mazin Mahdi Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Veterinary College, Qasim Green University, Babylon 51013, Iraq. 0000-0002-1863-148X Jafar Ghazi Abbas Al-Jebori Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Veterinary College, Qasim Green University, Babylon 51013, Iraq. 0009-0007-8070-8234 Journal Article 2026 04 25 Objective One of the primary lymphoid organs is the thymus, which is of great importance during prenatal and early life. It is responsible for the growth, maturation, and selection of thymocytes and plays a role in the development of T-cell functional competence and central immune tolerance, which is closely related to its specialized histological architecture. This study investigates the prenatal morphological and histological development of the thymus gland in local Awassi sheep with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Materials and methods Thirty thymus specimens were collected from healthy pregnant ewes at different stages of gestation. Fetal age was determined using the fetal crown rump length (CRL) equation and the specimens were classified into three groups: Group 1: 50–55 days, Group 2: 90–100 days, and Group 3: 130–140 days. scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the thymic surface at multiple magnifications. Data analysis of histological and morphological parameters was performed using the Statistical Package for the social sciences (SPSS). Results In Group 1, thymus was small, underdeveloped organ with soft lobes and thin capsule without connection between cervical and thoracic part. Scanning electron microscopy and histologically revealed an immature surface structure, irregular thymic cells, an unclear connection between the cortex and the medulla, reflecting early thymic differentiation. While in Group 2, the thymus showed an increase in size and improved lobular organization to revealed a more clearly defined cortical-membrane boundary, the growth of tissue bundles extending from the capsule to the viscera, and a higher density of cortical thymus cells. The medullary region also showed reticular epithelial cells, indicating progressive structural maturation. In group 3, thymus was well-developed with prominent lobes separated by connective tissue septa. Histological and Scanning observations revealed highly organized visceral tissue, a clear cortical-membrane boundary, extensive reticular epithelial cells, and fully formed Hassall’s corpuscles within the medulla, demonstrating advanced prenatal microstructural maturation. Conclusion These findings highlight the progressive prenatal maturation of the thymus and underscore its pivotal role in immune system development. Deviations from these normal microstructural patterns may indicate pathological or immunological disorders. Objective One of the primary lymphoid organs is the thymus, which is of great importance during prenatal and early life. It is responsible for the growth, maturation, and selection of thymocytes and plays a role in the development of T-cell functional competence and central immune tolerance, which is closely related to its specialized histological architecture. This study investigates the prenatal morphological and histological development of the thymus gland in local Awassi sheep with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Materials and methods Thirty thymus specimens were collected from healthy pregnant ewes at different stages of gestation. Fetal age was determined using the fetal crown rump length (CRL) equation and the specimens were classified into three groups: Group 1: 50–55 days, Group 2: 90–100 days, and Group 3: 130–140 days. scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the thymic surface at multiple magnifications. Data analysis of histological and morphological parameters was performed using the Statistical Package for the social sciences (SPSS). Results In Group 1, thymus was small, underdeveloped organ with soft lobes and thin capsule without connection between cervical and thoracic part. Scanning electron microscopy and histologically revealed an immature surface structure, irregular thymic cells, an unclear connection between the cortex and the medulla, reflecting early thymic differentiation. While in Group 2, the thymus showed an increase in size and improved lobular organization to revealed a more clearly defined cortical-membrane boundary, the growth of tissue bundles extending from the capsule to the viscera, and a higher density of cortical thymus cells. The medullary region also showed reticular epithelial cells, indicating progressive structural maturation. In group 3, thymus was well-developed with prominent lobes separated by connective tissue septa. Histological and Scanning observations revealed highly organized visceral tissue, a clear cortical-membrane boundary, extensive reticular epithelial cells, and fully formed Hassall’s corpuscles within the medulla, demonstrating advanced prenatal microstructural maturation. Conclusion These findings highlight the progressive prenatal maturation of the thymus and underscore its pivotal role in immune system development. Deviations from these normal microstructural patterns may indicate pathological or immunological disorders.

https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5425_8e621619d71d0ae5ef4e631ad586334f.pdf

Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology Society Agricultural Biotechnology Journal 2228-6705 18 3 2026 08 23 Morphohistological postnatal developmental study of gustatory papillae in sheep tongue by light and electron microscopy Morphohistological postnatal developmental study of gustatory papillae in sheep tongue by light and electron microscopy 333 354 5432 10.22103/jab.2026.27109.1887 FA Ali Kadum Homady Al-Jebori Department of Pathological Analysis, Sumer University, College of Science, Babylon 51013, Iraq. 0000-0003-2841-3168 Salim Salih Ali Al-Khakani Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Al-Qasim Green University, Babylon, 51013, Iraq. 0000-0002-7712-7267 Aqeel Muslim Al-Jadi Department of Animal Production Technologies, AL-Mussaib Technical College, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Babylon 51013, Iraq. 0009-0001-5879-9738 Jafar Ghazi Abbas Al-Jebori Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Al-Qasim Green University, Babylon, 51013, Iraq. 0009-0007-8070-8234 Ekhlas Abid Hamza Alalwany Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Al-Qasim Green University, Babylon, 51013, Iraq. Mohammed Salah Hasan Simawy Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Al-Qasim Green University, Babylon, 51013, Iraq. 0009-0006-4626-3609 Hawraa K. Judi Department of Medical Physics, Hilla University College, Babylon, Iraq. 0000-0002-3225-6217 Dunia M. Al-Rubaie Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Al-Qasim Green University, Babylon, 51013, Iraq. 0009-0008-6938-4635 Siraj M. Alkafagy Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Al-Qasim Green University, Babylon, 51013, Iraq. 0000-0003-0425-9901 Journal Article 2026 05 05 Objective Gustatory lingual papillae play a crucial role in taste perception and oral function in mammals. Their postnatal development is associated with structural and functional maturation of the tongue. However, detailed information regarding the morphological, histological, and ultrastructural development of fungiform and circumvallate papillae in Iraqi local sheep at different postnatal stages remains limited. This study aimed to investigate the postnatal morphological, histological, and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) developmental changes of fungiform and circumvallate gustatory papillae in the tongue of Iraqi local sheep (Ovis aries). Materials and methods Twenty tongue samples were collected from Iraqi local sheep obtained from Najaf and Babylon province abattoirs. The samples were divided into two groups according to dentition and age: Group I included lambs aged two months, and Group II included adult sheep aged eight months. Gross morphological examination, routine histological techniques, and scanning electron microscopy were employed to evaluate the developmental features of fungiform and circumvallate papillae and associated lingual glands. Results In two-month-old lambs, fungiform papillae appeared immature, flat-shaped, and sparsely distributed among the filiform papillae on the dorsal surface of the tongue, while circumvallate papillae were small to moderate in size and arranged in a double irregular row. At eight months of age, fungiform papillae exhibited marked maturation, appearing as large, flat-topped, mushroom-shaped projections. Circumvallate papillae became relatively larger, well-defined, flattened structures surrounded by prominent circular grooves and were located dorsolaterally on the torus linguae just rostral to the root of the tongue. Histologically, well-developed gustatory papillae were observed at both ages, with fungiform papillae scattered between filiform papillae on the apex and body of the tongue, whereas circumvallate papillae showed variable shapes and sizes according to developmental stage. Two types of lingual glands were identified: von Ebner’s serous glands closely associated with circumvallate papillae, and Weber’s mucous or mixed glands located deep within the muscular tissue at the root of the tongue. Conclusion The gustatory papillae of Iraqi local sheep undergo marked morphological, histological, and ultrastructural maturation during postnatal development. Age-related changes significantly influence the size, shape, organization, and glandular associations of fungiform and circumvallate papillae, reflecting their functional adaptation with growth. Objective Gustatory lingual papillae play a crucial role in taste perception and oral function in mammals. Their postnatal development is associated with structural and functional maturation of the tongue. However, detailed information regarding the morphological, histological, and ultrastructural development of fungiform and circumvallate papillae in Iraqi local sheep at different postnatal stages remains limited. This study aimed to investigate the postnatal morphological, histological, and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) developmental changes of fungiform and circumvallate gustatory papillae in the tongue of Iraqi local sheep (Ovis aries). Materials and methods Twenty tongue samples were collected from Iraqi local sheep obtained from Najaf and Babylon province abattoirs. The samples were divided into two groups according to dentition and age: Group I included lambs aged two months, and Group II included adult sheep aged eight months. Gross morphological examination, routine histological techniques, and scanning electron microscopy were employed to evaluate the developmental features of fungiform and circumvallate papillae and associated lingual glands. Results In two-month-old lambs, fungiform papillae appeared immature, flat-shaped, and sparsely distributed among the filiform papillae on the dorsal surface of the tongue, while circumvallate papillae were small to moderate in size and arranged in a double irregular row. At eight months of age, fungiform papillae exhibited marked maturation, appearing as large, flat-topped, mushroom-shaped projections. Circumvallate papillae became relatively larger, well-defined, flattened structures surrounded by prominent circular grooves and were located dorsolaterally on the torus linguae just rostral to the root of the tongue. Histologically, well-developed gustatory papillae were observed at both ages, with fungiform papillae scattered between filiform papillae on the apex and body of the tongue, whereas circumvallate papillae showed variable shapes and sizes according to developmental stage. Two types of lingual glands were identified: von Ebner’s serous glands closely associated with circumvallate papillae, and Weber’s mucous or mixed glands located deep within the muscular tissue at the root of the tongue. Conclusion The gustatory papillae of Iraqi local sheep undergo marked morphological, histological, and ultrastructural maturation during postnatal development. Age-related changes significantly influence the size, shape, organization, and glandular associations of fungiform and circumvallate papillae, reflecting their functional adaptation with growth.

https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5432_2e92962c0b6996add9517e4242ea9bdc.pdf

Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology Society Agricultural Biotechnology Journal 2228-6705 18 3 2026 08 23 The effects of adding Vertisol conditioners and emulsified Lubricating oil on soil respiration and biological soil crust thickness in sandy soil under different rainfall and moisture treatments The effects of adding Vertisol conditioners and emulsified Lubricating oil on soil respiration and biological soil crust thickness in sandy soil under different rainfall and moisture treatments 355 372 5437 10.22103/jab.2026.27141.1892 FA Duha Salem Jamil Department of Soil Sciences Water Resources, College of Agriculture, University of Basra, Iraq 0009-0000-0595-0978 Ali Hamdhi Dheyab Department of Soil Sciences Water Resources, College of Agriculture, University of Basra, Iraq 0000-0003-3636-4490 Dakhil Radhi Nedawi Department of Soil Sciences Water Resources, College of Agriculture, University of Basra, Iraq 0000-0002-8647-9459 Journal Article 2026 05 09 Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of adding natural and industrial soil conditioners on the effectiveness of microorganisms and the thickness of the biological crust. Materials and methods In the field experiment, a section of the soil surface was cut to a depth of 15 cm Measurements were taken in the middle and end of the experiment. The experiment included two factors. The first factor was conditioner factor in seven treatments. The second factor was the rainfall moisture treatment, included four treatments. Results Soil conditioner treatments significantly increased soil respiration compared to the control. Lubricating oil treatment (O3) and vertisol soil treatment (C3) showed the highest CO2 release. The release rates for them were 29.13 and 27.03 mg CO2/kg soil, respectively. Among the rainfall moisture treatments, R1 showed the highest respiration rate (26.24 mg CO2/kg soil). While the lowest value was observed in R3 (19.79 mg CO2/kg soil). Soil amendments also significantly increased the biological crust thickness compared to the control group (C0). Among them, the O3 treatment showed the highest crust thickness in the middle and end of the experiment (4.66 and 4.81 cm, respectively). After that, the C3 treatment recorded the highest thickness (3.15 and 3.24 cm). It should be noted that the control treatment (C0) recorded the lowest values (1.36 and 1.40 cm). The highest recorded value for crust thickness, in terms of rainfall moisture, was related to treatment R1 and showed a significant difference with treatments R2, R3 and R4. Conclusion Using soil conditioners, particularly lubricating oil and Vertisol, significantly increased microbial activity and biological crust development. In addition, higher moisture levels improved soil respiration and crust formation. The results of this study showed that soil amendments and moisture management are of great importance in improving the biological properties of soil and should be considered. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of adding natural and industrial soil conditioners on the effectiveness of microorganisms and the thickness of the biological crust. Materials and methods In the field experiment, a section of the soil surface was cut to a depth of 15 cm Measurements were taken in the middle and end of the experiment. The experiment included two factors. The first factor was conditioner factor in seven treatments. The second factor was the rainfall moisture treatment, included four treatments. Results Soil conditioner treatments significantly increased soil respiration compared to the control. Lubricating oil treatment (O3) and vertisol soil treatment (C3) showed the highest CO2 release. The release rates for them were 29.13 and 27.03 mg CO2/kg soil, respectively. Among the rainfall moisture treatments, R1 showed the highest respiration rate (26.24 mg CO2/kg soil). While the lowest value was observed in R3 (19.79 mg CO2/kg soil). Soil amendments also significantly increased the biological crust thickness compared to the control group (C0). Among them, the O3 treatment showed the highest crust thickness in the middle and end of the experiment (4.66 and 4.81 cm, respectively). After that, the C3 treatment recorded the highest thickness (3.15 and 3.24 cm). It should be noted that the control treatment (C0) recorded the lowest values (1.36 and 1.40 cm). The highest recorded value for crust thickness, in terms of rainfall moisture, was related to treatment R1 and showed a significant difference with treatments R2, R3 and R4. Conclusion Using soil conditioners, particularly lubricating oil and Vertisol, significantly increased microbial activity and biological crust development. In addition, higher moisture levels improved soil respiration and crust formation. The results of this study showed that soil amendments and moisture management are of great importance in improving the biological properties of soil and should be considered.

https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5437_0a3b6f64f0523984e51323fe53b8c504.pdf

Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology Society Agricultural Biotechnology Journal 2228-6705 18 3 2026 08 23 Effect of lemon juice in the growth, physiological traits, proline and antioxidants of Basil (Ocimum basilicum) plant growing in water stress Effect of lemon juice in the growth, physiological traits, proline and antioxidants of Basil (Ocimum basilicum) plant growing in water stress 373 394 5440 10.22103/jab.2026.27152.1895 FA Afrah Mahdi Al-Dhalimi Assistant Professor, Department of Biology, College of Education for Girls, University of Kufa, Iraq. Journal Article 2026 05 10 Objective Basil (Ocimum basilicum L. ) is a widespread annual plant cultivated in various parts of the world. Water stress is one of the most significant environmental challenges facing plants, including basil, in their growth and development. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of lemon juice in mitigating the harmful effects of water stress on basil. Materials and methods This study was conducted during the autumn season of 2025 in a private nursery in Najaf, Iraq. Seeds were sown on 27/10/2025 in plastic containers in a two-factors factorial experiment. The first factor was water stress, with plants being irrigated (once, twice, and three times a week). The second factor was lemon juice at four concentrations (0, 2, 4, and 6 mL/L). Morphological and physiological parameters were calculated. Relative water content, chlorophyll content, proline and enzymatic antioxidants, proline concentration, peroxidase estimation, catalase enzyme activity, ascorbic acid, total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoids content were estimated. The results were analyzed using Genstat 2012 according to the ANOVA method. Results The results of the study indicated the negative effect of reducing irrigation intervals on basil plant growth indicators such as plant height, stem diameter, leaf area and some physiological characteristics such as relative water content, chlorophyll, and shoot fresh weight, with an increase in the leaf content of proline and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. The experiment also showed the effect of lemon juice concentrations as a biostimulant that improves the growth indicators under study, enhances enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, and reduces the harmful effects of water stress. Conclusion The results of this study showed that water stress can reduce the vegetative growth of basil, but it can increase the defense compounds (proline, enzymes and antioxidants). Irrigation three times a week showed the best growth performance. While, less irrigation enhanced the stress responses. Foliar spraying of lemon juice, especially at concentrations of 2 to 6 ml/l, improved growth and physiological traits and increased stress tolerance. Overall, it can be concluded that the use of lemon juice can be an effective strategy to reduce the negative effects of water stress in basil. Objective Basil (Ocimum basilicum L. ) is a widespread annual plant cultivated in various parts of the world. Water stress is one of the most significant environmental challenges facing plants, including basil, in their growth and development. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of lemon juice in mitigating the harmful effects of water stress on basil. Materials and methods This study was conducted during the autumn season of 2025 in a private nursery in Najaf, Iraq. Seeds were sown on 27/10/2025 in plastic containers in a two-factors factorial experiment. The first factor was water stress, with plants being irrigated (once, twice, and three times a week). The second factor was lemon juice at four concentrations (0, 2, 4, and 6 mL/L). Morphological and physiological parameters were calculated. Relative water content, chlorophyll content, proline and enzymatic antioxidants, proline concentration, peroxidase estimation, catalase enzyme activity, ascorbic acid, total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoids content were estimated. The results were analyzed using Genstat 2012 according to the ANOVA method. Results The results of the study indicated the negative effect of reducing irrigation intervals on basil plant growth indicators such as plant height, stem diameter, leaf area and some physiological characteristics such as relative water content, chlorophyll, and shoot fresh weight, with an increase in the leaf content of proline and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. The experiment also showed the effect of lemon juice concentrations as a biostimulant that improves the growth indicators under study, enhances enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, and reduces the harmful effects of water stress. Conclusion The results of this study showed that water stress can reduce the vegetative growth of basil, but it can increase the defense compounds (proline, enzymes and antioxidants). Irrigation three times a week showed the best growth performance. While, less irrigation enhanced the stress responses. Foliar spraying of lemon juice, especially at concentrations of 2 to 6 ml/l, improved growth and physiological traits and increased stress tolerance. Overall, it can be concluded that the use of lemon juice can be an effective strategy to reduce the negative effects of water stress in basil.

https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5440_7a2347d96752880e3d58d72e9813cc14.pdf

Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology Society Agricultural Biotechnology Journal 2228-6705 18 3 2026 08 23 Microscopic and molecular detection of Theileria annulata in cattle from Babylon province of Iraq Microscopic and molecular detection of Theileria annulata in cattle from Babylon province of Iraq 395 410 5444 10.22103/jab.2026.27095.1884 FA Ghefran Shiaa Mazhar Department of Parasitology, College Veterinary Medicine, Al-Qasim Green University, Babylon 51013, Iraq. 0009-0004-1442-0599 Safaa M Kareem Department of Parasitology, College Veterinary Medicine, Al-Qasim Green University, Babylon 51013, Iraq. 0000-0003-3885-5891 Journal Article 2026 05 03 Objective This study aimed to investigate the detection of theileriosis caused by Theileria annulata in cattle applying microscopic and molecular methods. The other goal of the study was to evaluate the effects of geographical region, age, and sex on infection rates. Materials and methods In this study, 300 bovine blood samples were collected from different areas of Babil province, Iraq. The study was conducted between September 2025 and March 2026. Giemsa-stained blood smears were prepared for 200 samples for microscopic examination. 100 samples were analyzed by PCR to target the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of T. annulata. Chi-square test was used in SPSS version 27 for statistical analysis. Results The results showed that 66 (33%) of 200 bovine blood samples examined microscopically were positive for Theileria annulata. In the PCR method, 54 (54%) of 100 samples that studied the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene were positive. This could indicate a higher sensitivity of PCR than the microscopic method. The prevalence of infection was 53.3% in women and 55% in men, which was not significant. Also, the age of the individuals did not report a significant difference in the infection rate (χ² = 0.34, p = 0.84). However, the geographical regions showed a significant difference. So that the highest infection rate was related to Al-Shumali (73.9%) and the lowest rate was related to Al-Qasim (35%) (χ² = 8.922, p < 0.01). These results indicate that there is a significant relationship between the region and the infection rate. Phylogenetic analysis of ten T. annulata isolates (PX849363–PX849372) confirmed their genetic relationship with reference strains available in GenBank. Conclusion PCR-based molecular detection demonstrated higher sensitivity than microscopy for identifying T. annulata infection in subclinical infections that may contribute to parasite transmission within herds. These findings highlight the need for integrated control strategies, including regular tick management, molecular surveillance, and improved animal husbandry, to decrease the impact of bovine theileriosis and enhance cattle health and productivity in endemic areas. Objective This study aimed to investigate the detection of theileriosis caused by Theileria annulata in cattle applying microscopic and molecular methods. The other goal of the study was to evaluate the effects of geographical region, age, and sex on infection rates. Materials and methods In this study, 300 bovine blood samples were collected from different areas of Babil province, Iraq. The study was conducted between September 2025 and March 2026. Giemsa-stained blood smears were prepared for 200 samples for microscopic examination. 100 samples were analyzed by PCR to target the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of T. annulata. Chi-square test was used in SPSS version 27 for statistical analysis. Results The results showed that 66 (33%) of 200 bovine blood samples examined microscopically were positive for Theileria annulata. In the PCR method, 54 (54%) of 100 samples that studied the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene were positive. This could indicate a higher sensitivity of PCR than the microscopic method. The prevalence of infection was 53.3% in women and 55% in men, which was not significant. Also, the age of the individuals did not report a significant difference in the infection rate (χ² = 0.34, p = 0.84). However, the geographical regions showed a significant difference. So that the highest infection rate was related to Al-Shumali (73.9%) and the lowest rate was related to Al-Qasim (35%) (χ² = 8.922, p < 0.01). These results indicate that there is a significant relationship between the region and the infection rate. Phylogenetic analysis of ten T. annulata isolates (PX849363–PX849372) confirmed their genetic relationship with reference strains available in GenBank. Conclusion PCR-based molecular detection demonstrated higher sensitivity than microscopy for identifying T. annulata infection in subclinical infections that may contribute to parasite transmission within herds. These findings highlight the need for integrated control strategies, including regular tick management, molecular surveillance, and improved animal husbandry, to decrease the impact of bovine theileriosis and enhance cattle health and productivity in endemic areas.

https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5444_587b7b833034299fdd5f4b10e7dc9fca.pdf

Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology Society Agricultural Biotechnology Journal 2228-6705 18 3 2026 08 23 Natural immunomodulation of host defense against Klebsiella aerogenes: evidence from Licorice extract Natural immunomodulation of host defense against Klebsiella aerogenes: evidence from Licorice extract 411 430 5447 10.22103/jab.2026.27079.1880 FA Roua J. Mohammed Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Iraq. 0009-0008-4296-0575 Ikram Abbas Al Sammaraa Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Iraq. 0000-0003-4895-9926 Sabrin Ibraheem Mohsin Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Iraq. 0000-0001-5931-8855 Journal Article 2026 05 01 Objective The emergence of Klebsiella aerogenes as a possible pathogen has been linked with both gastrointestinal and systemic infections in animals and human beings. Antimicrobial resistance among strains of Klebsiella species has increased. Thus, there is a need for seeking alternative sources of immunomodulating substances. Hence, the objective of this study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory and prophylactic effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice extract) on mouse models of Klebsiella aerogenes infection. Materials and methods Samples were obtained from diarrhea cases of 50 cats for culturing and identification of K. aerogenes. These bacteria were then used in experimentally infecting 48 mice of the Swiss albino strain. A total of six groups of eight mice each were included. Three groups were given oral licorice extract at various doses of 50, 150, and 250 mg/mL. Two control groups comprising of negative controls (oral administration of PBS) and positive control. An additional group was only provided with extract but not infected. Licorice extract was administered twice weekly for 21 days followed by injection with Klebsiella aerogenes bacteria at 1.5 × 10⁸ CFU/mL. Results Infected untreated mice had significant increases in inflammatory and hematological indices compared to negative control mice (P ≤ 0.05). A significant rise in white blood cells' count occurred in infected mice, whose mean value amounted to 12.8 ± 1.4 ×10³/µL. While those in control group were lower at 6.2 ± 0.9 ×10³/µL. Moreover, IL-6 levels in infected mice significantly increased to 85.6 ± 5.3 pg/mL versus 28.4 ± 3.1 pg/mL in controls. Infected untreated mice experienced severe inflammatory and degenerative histopathological lesions. On the other hand, infected but licorice-treated mice exhibited reduced inflammation, IL-6 levels, improvements in hematological indices, and lesser degree of tissue damage. The lowest dose (50 mg/mL) was shown to produce maximum protective effect, implying that there is no clear relationship between the concentration of licorice and its biological impact on experimental mice. Conclusion Glycyrrhiza glabra extract produced certain anti-inflammatory and protective effects against infection caused by Klebsiella aerogenes in mice. Licorice extracts decreased inflammation and improved pathological alterations observed in infected animals. Glycyrrhiza glabra may be regarded as an interesting candidate for development as a natural immunomodulator; nonetheless, more research needs to be done. Objective The emergence of Klebsiella aerogenes as a possible pathogen has been linked with both gastrointestinal and systemic infections in animals and human beings. Antimicrobial resistance among strains of Klebsiella species has increased. Thus, there is a need for seeking alternative sources of immunomodulating substances. Hence, the objective of this study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory and prophylactic effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice extract) on mouse models of Klebsiella aerogenes infection. Materials and methods Samples were obtained from diarrhea cases of 50 cats for culturing and identification of K. aerogenes. These bacteria were then used in experimentally infecting 48 mice of the Swiss albino strain. A total of six groups of eight mice each were included. Three groups were given oral licorice extract at various doses of 50, 150, and 250 mg/mL. Two control groups comprising of negative controls (oral administration of PBS) and positive control. An additional group was only provided with extract but not infected. Licorice extract was administered twice weekly for 21 days followed by injection with Klebsiella aerogenes bacteria at 1.5 × 10⁸ CFU/mL. Results Infected untreated mice had significant increases in inflammatory and hematological indices compared to negative control mice (P ≤ 0.05). A significant rise in white blood cells' count occurred in infected mice, whose mean value amounted to 12.8 ± 1.4 ×10³/µL. While those in control group were lower at 6.2 ± 0.9 ×10³/µL. Moreover, IL-6 levels in infected mice significantly increased to 85.6 ± 5.3 pg/mL versus 28.4 ± 3.1 pg/mL in controls. Infected untreated mice experienced severe inflammatory and degenerative histopathological lesions. On the other hand, infected but licorice-treated mice exhibited reduced inflammation, IL-6 levels, improvements in hematological indices, and lesser degree of tissue damage. The lowest dose (50 mg/mL) was shown to produce maximum protective effect, implying that there is no clear relationship between the concentration of licorice and its biological impact on experimental mice. Conclusion Glycyrrhiza glabra extract produced certain anti-inflammatory and protective effects against infection caused by Klebsiella aerogenes in mice. Licorice extracts decreased inflammation and improved pathological alterations observed in infected animals. Glycyrrhiza glabra may be regarded as an interesting candidate for development as a natural immunomodulator; nonetheless, more research needs to be done.

https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5447_623a1f8e55863044aa680a8fa581c36a.pdf

Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology Society Agricultural Biotechnology Journal 2228-6705 18 3 2026 08 23 The immunomodulation of Nelumbo nucifera seed extract on rabbits infected with Enterobacter cloacae complex The immunomodulation of Nelumbo nucifera seed extract on rabbits infected with Enterobacter cloacae complex 431 452 5450 10.22103/jab.2026.27100.1885 FA Fairuz Abbas Hussein Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Iraq. Ikram Abbas Al Sammaraa Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Iraq. 0000-0003-4895-9926 Journal Article 2026 05 03 Objective In this study, isolation and identification of members of the Enterobacter cloacae complex (ECC) from domestic cats in Baghdad, Iraq, and determination of their susceptibility patterns to various antibiotics were conducted. This study also assessed the effect of Nelumbo nucifera (lotus) seed extract as an immunomodulator in an experimental animal model. Materials and Methods Seventy five clinical specimens from domestic cats (feces, blood, and urine) were obtained. Preliminary isolation and identification were done based on morphological characteristics and fermentation pattern of ECC strains to lactose in select media. Confirmatory test included automatic system analysis using VITEK 2 Compact System and identification through PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene (1250 bp). Antibiotic susceptibility was determined according to guidelines. GC-MS analysis was done for ethanolic extract of N. nucifera seed. Immunomodulatory activity of lotus seed extract was tested using rabbits as the experimental animal through determination of hematological parameters and levels of interleukins IL-1β and IL-8 using ELISA. Results The isolation rate of ECC was 2.7% among all cultures collected, with a higher prevalence in the feces (5.7%) than in blood and urine. Susceptibility testing showed high sensitivity to carbapenems, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones, with partial resistance to β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations. In the GC-MS analysis of the lotus seed extract, linoleic acid was found to be the main active constituent. After administration of the extract in vivo at a preventive dose (200 mg/mL), there were remarkable decreases in leukocytosis and granulocytosis, as well as increases in the lymphocyte count. Moreover, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-8 were significantly reduced according to the ELISA results. Conclusions Based on the results, domestic cats within the study population in Baghdad might constitute a limited source of ECC. The ethanolic extract of N. nucifera seeds exhibits promising immunomodulatory properties through the regulation of inflammatory responses and promoting immune balance. Objective In this study, isolation and identification of members of the Enterobacter cloacae complex (ECC) from domestic cats in Baghdad, Iraq, and determination of their susceptibility patterns to various antibiotics were conducted. This study also assessed the effect of Nelumbo nucifera (lotus) seed extract as an immunomodulator in an experimental animal model. Materials and Methods Seventy five clinical specimens from domestic cats (feces, blood, and urine) were obtained. Preliminary isolation and identification were done based on morphological characteristics and fermentation pattern of ECC strains to lactose in select media. Confirmatory test included automatic system analysis using VITEK 2 Compact System and identification through PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene (1250 bp). Antibiotic susceptibility was determined according to guidelines. GC-MS analysis was done for ethanolic extract of N. nucifera seed. Immunomodulatory activity of lotus seed extract was tested using rabbits as the experimental animal through determination of hematological parameters and levels of interleukins IL-1β and IL-8 using ELISA. Results The isolation rate of ECC was 2.7% among all cultures collected, with a higher prevalence in the feces (5.7%) than in blood and urine. Susceptibility testing showed high sensitivity to carbapenems, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones, with partial resistance to β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations. In the GC-MS analysis of the lotus seed extract, linoleic acid was found to be the main active constituent. After administration of the extract in vivo at a preventive dose (200 mg/mL), there were remarkable decreases in leukocytosis and granulocytosis, as well as increases in the lymphocyte count. Moreover, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-8 were significantly reduced according to the ELISA results. Conclusions Based on the results, domestic cats within the study population in Baghdad might constitute a limited source of ECC. The ethanolic extract of N. nucifera seeds exhibits promising immunomodulatory properties through the regulation of inflammatory responses and promoting immune balance.

https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5450_9a6a1aaafe73c572b7374828b03a1881.pdf

Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology Society Agricultural Biotechnology Journal 2228-6705 18 3 2026 08 23 Developmental dynamics of spleen morphogenesis and histogenesis in local Iraqi Awassi sheep fetuses: Insights from light and scanning electron microscopy Developmental dynamics of spleen morphogenesis and histogenesis in local Iraqi Awassi sheep fetuses: Insights from light and scanning electron microscopy 453 476 5453 10.22103/jab.2026.27153.1896 FA Aisha Ayoub Essa Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Al-Qasim Green University, Babylon, 51013, Iraq Jafar Ghazi Abbas Al-Jebori Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Al-Qasim Green University, Babylon, 51013, Iraq 0009-0007-8070-8234 Journal Article 2026 05 10 Objective Spleen plays an important role in the hemopoietic function in embryonic life. During the hepatic growth stage, spleen produces blood cells along with liver while in myeloid stage, it produces the blood cells along with liver and bone marrow. Destruction of older erythrocytes, lymphocytes and thrombocytes take place in spleen. The aim of this study was to investigate the prenatal morphological and histological development of the spleen in local Awassi sheep used light and scanning electron microscopy. Materials and methods Thirty spleen specimens were collected from healthy pregnant Awassi ewes at different stages of gestation. Fetal age was determined using the fetal crown rump length (CRL) equation and the specimens were classified into three groups: Group 1: 50–60 days, Group 2: 90–100 days, and Group 3: 130–140 days. For scanning electron examination, small spleen blocks (~1 mm³) were fixed. SEM was used to observe the splenic surface at multiple magnifications. Data analysis of histological and morphological parameters was performed using SPSS version 24. Results In group 1, spleen a tiny reddish bloody patch then appeared reddish in color more cohesive while, by scanning electron microscopy and histologically revealed an immature surface structure with incomplete development of the cortex and the trabeculae were undeveloped yet reflecting early splenic differentiation. In group 2, the spleen showed an increase in size and the trabecula extend from capsule to parenchyma, clear differentiation of white pulp and red pulp, indicating progressive structural maturation. In group3, spleen was more development with advancement of gestation and become relatively similar to that in postnatal periods and consist of the splenic capsule, trabeculae, red pulp, white pulp with present of cellular components and increased in trabecular network by light and scanning microscope examination. Conclusion These findings highlight the progressive prenatal maturation of the spleen and underscore its pivotal role in immune system development. Deviations from these normal microstructural patterns may indicate pathological or immunological disorders. Objective Spleen plays an important role in the hemopoietic function in embryonic life. During the hepatic growth stage, spleen produces blood cells along with liver while in myeloid stage, it produces the blood cells along with liver and bone marrow. Destruction of older erythrocytes, lymphocytes and thrombocytes take place in spleen. The aim of this study was to investigate the prenatal morphological and histological development of the spleen in local Awassi sheep used light and scanning electron microscopy. Materials and methods Thirty spleen specimens were collected from healthy pregnant Awassi ewes at different stages of gestation. Fetal age was determined using the fetal crown rump length (CRL) equation and the specimens were classified into three groups: Group 1: 50–60 days, Group 2: 90–100 days, and Group 3: 130–140 days. For scanning electron examination, small spleen blocks (~1 mm³) were fixed. SEM was used to observe the splenic surface at multiple magnifications. Data analysis of histological and morphological parameters was performed using SPSS version 24. Results In group 1, spleen a tiny reddish bloody patch then appeared reddish in color more cohesive while, by scanning electron microscopy and histologically revealed an immature surface structure with incomplete development of the cortex and the trabeculae were undeveloped yet reflecting early splenic differentiation. In group 2, the spleen showed an increase in size and the trabecula extend from capsule to parenchyma, clear differentiation of white pulp and red pulp, indicating progressive structural maturation. In group3, spleen was more development with advancement of gestation and become relatively similar to that in postnatal periods and consist of the splenic capsule, trabeculae, red pulp, white pulp with present of cellular components and increased in trabecular network by light and scanning microscope examination. Conclusion These findings highlight the progressive prenatal maturation of the spleen and underscore its pivotal role in immune system development. Deviations from these normal microstructural patterns may indicate pathological or immunological disorders.

https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5453_8ae5780d22688d976ebce9d8fb3db81c.pdf

Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology Society Agricultural Biotechnology Journal 2228-6705 18 3 2026 08 23 Integrated Protein and Gene Expression Analysis of S100A1 and S100A8/A9 Demonstrates Coordinated Dysregulation of Calcium Homeostasis, Innate Immune Activation, and Angiogenic Signaling in Acute Myocardial Infarction Integrated Protein and Gene Expression Analysis of S100A1 and S100A8/A9 Demonstrates Coordinated Dysregulation of Calcium Homeostasis, Innate Immune Activation, and Angiogenic Signaling in Acute Myocardial Infarction 477 504 5454 10.22103/jab.2026.27154.1897 FA Elham F. Hamzah College of Medicine, Babylon University, Hillah, Iraq 0009-0001-8944-2563 Abdulsamie Hassan Altaee College of Medicine, Babylon University, Hillah, Iraq 0000-0002-2951-7973 Ameer Aljubawii College of Medicine, Babylon University, Hillah, Iraq 0000-0002-9801-6929 Journal Article 2026 05 10 Objective Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is characterized by complex molecular interactions involving disruption of cardiomyocyte calcium homeostasis, activation of innate immune pathways and impaired angiogenic signaling. However, the integrated relationship between the cardiomyocyte-specific S100A1 protein and the inflammatory S100 A8/A9 complex remains incompletely understood. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the protein and gene expression profiles of S100A1 and S100A8/A9 and their association with inflammatory (TNF-α) and angiogenic (VEGF-A) biomarkers in AMI. Materials and methods This case-control study included 176 participants (88 AMI patients and 88 age and sex matched controls). Participants were recruited from AL-Hilla Teaching Hospital and Marjan Medical City. Circulating levels of S100A1, S100A8/A9, TNF-α and VEGF-A were measured using ELISA, while serum calcium was quantified with spectrophotometry. Gene expression levels of S100A1, S100A8 and S100A9 were determined by qRT-PCR using 2^−ΔΔCt method. Apply receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to assess diagnostic performance. Results Significant multi-axis dysregulation was observed in AMI patients. S100A1 mRNA expression was markedly reduced (p<0.0001), accompanied by decreased circulating S100A1 protein (AUC = 0.69Y, specificity = 100%). In contrast, inflammatory markers were elevated with S100A8/A9 demonstrating acceptable diagnostic performance (AUC=0.76), while TNF-α showed no discriminative value (AUC=0.50). Serum calcium exhibited strong diagnostic accuracy (AUC=0.82), indicating early disruption of calcium homeostasis. Angiogenic impairment was reflected by reduced VEGF-A levels but with limited diagnostic utility (AUC = 0.54). Gene expression analysis further confirmed significant upregulation of S100A8 (p=0.030) and S100A9 (p=0.044). No significant correlation was observed between S100A1 and inflammatory markers (p>0.05), whereas S100A8 and S100A9 expression showed a strong positive association, indicating coordinated inflammatory activation. Conclusion These findings show that calcium control linked to S100A1, immune responses from S100A8/A9 and issues with blood vessel formation related to VEGF-A are all connected. The superior diagnostic capability of S100A1 suggests that markers reflecting calcium management in cardiac cells may enhance the identification of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and provide greater insight than conventional inflammatory indicators. Objective Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is characterized by complex molecular interactions involving disruption of cardiomyocyte calcium homeostasis, activation of innate immune pathways and impaired angiogenic signaling. However, the integrated relationship between the cardiomyocyte-specific S100A1 protein and the inflammatory S100 A8/A9 complex remains incompletely understood. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the protein and gene expression profiles of S100A1 and S100A8/A9 and their association with inflammatory (TNF-α) and angiogenic (VEGF-A) biomarkers in AMI. Materials and methods This case-control study included 176 participants (88 AMI patients and 88 age and sex matched controls). Participants were recruited from AL-Hilla Teaching Hospital and Marjan Medical City. Circulating levels of S100A1, S100A8/A9, TNF-α and VEGF-A were measured using ELISA, while serum calcium was quantified with spectrophotometry. Gene expression levels of S100A1, S100A8 and S100A9 were determined by qRT-PCR using 2^−ΔΔCt method. Apply receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to assess diagnostic performance. Results Significant multi-axis dysregulation was observed in AMI patients. S100A1 mRNA expression was markedly reduced (p<0.0001), accompanied by decreased circulating S100A1 protein (AUC = 0.69Y, specificity = 100%). In contrast, inflammatory markers were elevated with S100A8/A9 demonstrating acceptable diagnostic performance (AUC=0.76), while TNF-α showed no discriminative value (AUC=0.50). Serum calcium exhibited strong diagnostic accuracy (AUC=0.82), indicating early disruption of calcium homeostasis. Angiogenic impairment was reflected by reduced VEGF-A levels but with limited diagnostic utility (AUC = 0.54). Gene expression analysis further confirmed significant upregulation of S100A8 (p=0.030) and S100A9 (p=0.044). No significant correlation was observed between S100A1 and inflammatory markers (p>0.05), whereas S100A8 and S100A9 expression showed a strong positive association, indicating coordinated inflammatory activation. Conclusion These findings show that calcium control linked to S100A1, immune responses from S100A8/A9 and issues with blood vessel formation related to VEGF-A are all connected. The superior diagnostic capability of S100A1 suggests that markers reflecting calcium management in cardiac cells may enhance the identification of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and provide greater insight than conventional inflammatory indicators.

https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5454_107030ca685076c0ed5e054e2c3ed940.pdf

Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology Society Agricultural Biotechnology Journal 2228-6705 18 3 2026 08 23 Molecular diagnosis and genetic variation of the Jujube Blue Butterfly (Tarucus spp.) in Misan province, southern Iraq Molecular diagnosis and genetic variation of the Jujube Blue Butterfly (Tarucus spp.) in Misan province, southern Iraq 505 518 5459 10.22103/jab.2026.27201.1905 FA Ayat A. Eidan Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Misan, Amarah, Misan 62001, Iraq. 0009-0007-9540-3759 Ali H. Abu-Ragheef Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Misan, Amarah, Misan 62001, Iraq 0000-0002-2769-6760 Zaidon T. Al-Aqbi Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Misan, Amarah 62001, Misan, Iraq 0000-0002-9578-4228 Journal Article 2026 05 14 Objective The Jujube Blue butterfly, Tarucus theophrastus, is one of the significant insect pests affecting Ziziphus trees in tropical regions. Traditional identification of these insects has relied on morphological description, focusing on wing spot patterns and genital structures to distinguish species. The current work sought to perform an accurate genetic diagnosis of this species in Misan Province since the phenomena of cryptic species poses difficulties for standard morphological identification. Materials and methods Samples of the Jujube Blue butterfly were collected from Ziziphus spp, trees distributed across Al-Kahla district, Al-Maimouna district, and the Al-Tabar area in Maysan Province, southern Iraq. The Global Positioning System (GPS) was used to determine the geographic locations for three different areas in Maysan Province in order to spatially document the study's collection stations and guarantee the accuracy of returning to them in the future. The methodology included DNA extraction and amplification of the Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) gene using universal primers (LCO1490 and HCO2198), where gel electrophoresis revealed clear genetic bands at a molecular size of 700 bp. Results The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) products' gel electrophoresis showed distinct genetic bands for the Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) gene at the anticipated molecular size of around 700 bp. The results of the genetic sequence analysis and their alignment in the global GenBank revealed a 100% genetic identity with the reference sample (ON436886.1). The local samples were officially registered in the DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) under accession numbers LC913553, LC913554, and LC913555. Furthermore, the phylogenetic tree designed using the Maximum Likelihood method implemented in MEGA11 software showed complete genetic proximity between the study samples and the documented global strains. Conclusions This study is significant because to the best of our knowledge, this is among the first molecular studies of this species in Misan Province. It also adds new strains to the national genetic database, which helps to improve integrated control programs and comprehend the genetic variation of the insect in Iraq. Objective The Jujube Blue butterfly, Tarucus theophrastus, is one of the significant insect pests affecting Ziziphus trees in tropical regions. Traditional identification of these insects has relied on morphological description, focusing on wing spot patterns and genital structures to distinguish species. The current work sought to perform an accurate genetic diagnosis of this species in Misan Province since the phenomena of cryptic species poses difficulties for standard morphological identification. Materials and methods Samples of the Jujube Blue butterfly were collected from Ziziphus spp, trees distributed across Al-Kahla district, Al-Maimouna district, and the Al-Tabar area in Maysan Province, southern Iraq. The Global Positioning System (GPS) was used to determine the geographic locations for three different areas in Maysan Province in order to spatially document the study's collection stations and guarantee the accuracy of returning to them in the future. The methodology included DNA extraction and amplification of the Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) gene using universal primers (LCO1490 and HCO2198), where gel electrophoresis revealed clear genetic bands at a molecular size of 700 bp. Results The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) products' gel electrophoresis showed distinct genetic bands for the Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) gene at the anticipated molecular size of around 700 bp. The results of the genetic sequence analysis and their alignment in the global GenBank revealed a 100% genetic identity with the reference sample (ON436886.1). The local samples were officially registered in the DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) under accession numbers LC913553, LC913554, and LC913555. Furthermore, the phylogenetic tree designed using the Maximum Likelihood method implemented in MEGA11 software showed complete genetic proximity between the study samples and the documented global strains. Conclusions This study is significant because to the best of our knowledge, this is among the first molecular studies of this species in Misan Province. It also adds new strains to the national genetic database, which helps to improve integrated control programs and comprehend the genetic variation of the insect in Iraq.

https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5459_9d05c2d955b24bd5d20b1638156ea0ef.pdf

Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology Society Agricultural Biotechnology Journal 2228-6705 18 3 2026 08 23 Gene expression analysis of biofilm-associated and vancomycin stress-response genes in clinical Staphylococcus aureus Gene expression analysis of biofilm-associated and vancomycin stress-response genes in clinical Staphylococcus aureus 519 534 5463 10.22103/jab.2026.27221.1906 FA Rana Kadhim Mohammed Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Iraq. 0000-0002-3913-5290 Ali Attaallah Ibrahim Department of Radiation Techniques, AlSalam University College, Baghdad, Iraq 0000-0002-5670-3966 Karam Dawood Salman General hospital, Al-Karkh Baghdad Health Directorate, Iraq. 0000-0002-3649-989X Mustafa Kadhim Al-Shammari Medical Doctor (General Practitioner), Baghdad, Iraq and Graduate of the Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan 0009-0009-1810-3204 Journal Article 2026 05 16 Objective Regulatory pathways involved in antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus are complex and involve multiple genetic systems, including the vraSR stress-response pathway and the icaADBC operon. Understanding the transcriptional response of these genes under vancomycin exposure may provide insight into mechanisms associated with persistence and treatment failure. The study examined how clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates react to vancomycin. The research also focused on antibiotic susceptibility and the activity of genes linked to biofilm growth (icaA, icaB, icaC, and icaD) and resistance (vra). Materials and methods Clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were obtained from burn and wound specimens and confirmed by standard microbiological techniques. Vancomycin susceptibility was preliminarily evaluated using the agar well diffusion method. Total RNA was extracted from S. aureus cultures. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was carried out using SYBR Green to perform expression analysis to track changes in the bacteria after exposure to the antibiotic. Results Testing showed that isolates responded differently to the drug. Several samples had very small or non-existent inhibition zones. These findings may indicate reduced susceptibility to vancomycin; however, confirmation using MIC-based assays is required. The qRT-PCR results showed that the icaADBC operon became more active after treatment. This change was most obvious in isolate 2. The data indicates that exposure to antibiotics might help the bacteria build stronger biofilms. This response is likely to help the bacteria survive and leads to treatment failure. The vra gene also showed strong activity across several isolates. This supports its role in managing cell wall stress. The hpr gene became more active too. This result suggests the gene might not stay stable enough to work as an internal control in these conditions. Conclusions The results show a clear connection between drug resistance and biofilm growth in S. aureus. Relying only on vancomycin for MRSA treatment has major drawbacks. Alternative therapeutic strategies targeting biofilm formation and cell wall stress-response pathways may improve treatment outcomes in persistent MRSA infections. These approaches could target the genes that control biofilm production. Another option is to find ways to block the vraSR system. Objective Regulatory pathways involved in antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus are complex and involve multiple genetic systems, including the vraSR stress-response pathway and the icaADBC operon. Understanding the transcriptional response of these genes under vancomycin exposure may provide insight into mechanisms associated with persistence and treatment failure. The study examined how clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates react to vancomycin. The research also focused on antibiotic susceptibility and the activity of genes linked to biofilm growth (icaA, icaB, icaC, and icaD) and resistance (vra). Materials and methods Clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were obtained from burn and wound specimens and confirmed by standard microbiological techniques. Vancomycin susceptibility was preliminarily evaluated using the agar well diffusion method. Total RNA was extracted from S. aureus cultures. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was carried out using SYBR Green to perform expression analysis to track changes in the bacteria after exposure to the antibiotic. Results Testing showed that isolates responded differently to the drug. Several samples had very small or non-existent inhibition zones. These findings may indicate reduced susceptibility to vancomycin; however, confirmation using MIC-based assays is required. The qRT-PCR results showed that the icaADBC operon became more active after treatment. This change was most obvious in isolate 2. The data indicates that exposure to antibiotics might help the bacteria build stronger biofilms. This response is likely to help the bacteria survive and leads to treatment failure. The vra gene also showed strong activity across several isolates. This supports its role in managing cell wall stress. The hpr gene became more active too. This result suggests the gene might not stay stable enough to work as an internal control in these conditions. Conclusions The results show a clear connection between drug resistance and biofilm growth in S. aureus. Relying only on vancomycin for MRSA treatment has major drawbacks. Alternative therapeutic strategies targeting biofilm formation and cell wall stress-response pathways may improve treatment outcomes in persistent MRSA infections. These approaches could target the genes that control biofilm production. Another option is to find ways to block the vraSR system.

https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5463_2d1ef8f39d2c1590daf9a3737c8a931d.pdf

Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology Society Agricultural Biotechnology Journal 2228-6705 18 3 2026 08 23 Effects of ultraviolet-B supplementation on productive performance, egg quality, and eggshell microbial traits in Japanese quail Effects of ultraviolet-B supplementation on productive performance, egg quality, and eggshell microbial traits in Japanese quail 535 550 5464 10.22103/jab.2026.27224.1907 FA Alfred S. Karomy College of Agriculture, Department of Animal Production, University of Basrah, Iraq 0000-0001-9639-8794 Huda Falih Saad College of Agriculture, Department of Animal Production, University of Basrah, Iraq 0000-0003-4710-1231 Alice Louis Yousif Department of Natural products Researches, Center of Technical Research, Northern Technical University, Mosul, Iraq 0009-0000-0626-4873 Salah Mahdi Alsudany College of Agriculture, Department of Animal Production, University of Basrah, Iraq 0000-0002-6957-1413 Bashar Falih Zaqeer College of Agriculture, Department of Animal Production, University of Basrah, Iraq 0000-0002-9949-595X Sabah Kadhum Al-hummod College of Agriculture, Department of Animal Production, University of Basrah, Iraq 0000-0002-8902-7191 Journal Article 2026 05 16 Objective The purpose of this study was to assess how ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation added to the lighting program impacted productive performance during the rearing stage, laying performance, egg quality properties, and eggshell microbial properties in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Materials and methods One hundred and eighty-one-day-old quail chicks were randomly allocated to four experimental treatments with three replications in each treatment and 15 birds in each replication. The control group of birds was only exposed to a basal LED lighting program. The other three groups received supplemental narrowband UVB (305-315 nm) for 60, 90, or 120 minutes per day. Philips TL 20W/01 RS lamps mounted 40 cm above the birds were used. The UVB irradiance at bird level was maintained at 25 ± 2 μW/cm² using a calibrated UV radiometer, and the cumulative daily UVB exposure dose differed according to treatment duration. Growth performance characteristics were measured at the rearing stage and the female quails were later measured for the age of first egg, hen day egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed ratio, and livability. To identify external and internal egg quality traits, representative samples of eggs were taken to identify shape index, shell weight, shell percentage, shell thickness, yolk index, albumen index, and Haugh unit traits. Microbiological procedures were done by swabs to determine Eggshell microbial contamination. Results The findings showed that productive performance, laying efficiency, shell quality, and eggshell hygienic status were better with UVB supplementation than with the control treatment, where the response was most favorable in birds exposed to UVB treatment at 90 min/day. The final body weight, hen-day egg production, egg mass, shell thickness, shell percentage, albumen index, and Haugh unit in the quails in 90 min/day treatment were higher. While, eggshell microbial counts were lower, and the feed conversion ratio was better. Conclusion The results imply that moderate UVB exposure could be an effective management strategy to enhance production efficiency and eggshell hygienic quality among indoor Japanese quail systems. Objective The purpose of this study was to assess how ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation added to the lighting program impacted productive performance during the rearing stage, laying performance, egg quality properties, and eggshell microbial properties in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Materials and methods One hundred and eighty-one-day-old quail chicks were randomly allocated to four experimental treatments with three replications in each treatment and 15 birds in each replication. The control group of birds was only exposed to a basal LED lighting program. The other three groups received supplemental narrowband UVB (305-315 nm) for 60, 90, or 120 minutes per day. Philips TL 20W/01 RS lamps mounted 40 cm above the birds were used. The UVB irradiance at bird level was maintained at 25 ± 2 μW/cm² using a calibrated UV radiometer, and the cumulative daily UVB exposure dose differed according to treatment duration. Growth performance characteristics were measured at the rearing stage and the female quails were later measured for the age of first egg, hen day egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed ratio, and livability. To identify external and internal egg quality traits, representative samples of eggs were taken to identify shape index, shell weight, shell percentage, shell thickness, yolk index, albumen index, and Haugh unit traits. Microbiological procedures were done by swabs to determine Eggshell microbial contamination. Results The findings showed that productive performance, laying efficiency, shell quality, and eggshell hygienic status were better with UVB supplementation than with the control treatment, where the response was most favorable in birds exposed to UVB treatment at 90 min/day. The final body weight, hen-day egg production, egg mass, shell thickness, shell percentage, albumen index, and Haugh unit in the quails in 90 min/day treatment were higher. While, eggshell microbial counts were lower, and the feed conversion ratio was better. Conclusion The results imply that moderate UVB exposure could be an effective management strategy to enhance production efficiency and eggshell hygienic quality among indoor Japanese quail systems.

https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5464_b426b30042abbc15e363cb679bbc937d.pdf

Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology Society Agricultural Biotechnology Journal 2228-6705 18 3 2026 08 23 Climate change and their implications on agricultural practices for future food safety Climate change and their implications on agricultural practices for future food safety 551 570 5465 10.22103/jab.2026.25120.1690 FA M. Thiru Chitrambalam ISME, ATLAS SkillTech University, Mumbai, India 0000-0002-0986-7415 P. Prakash Department of Biotechnology, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India 0000-0002-3828-928X Suchismita Mohapatra Department of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. 0000-0002-4006-1188 Naveen Kumar Rajendran Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, JAIN (Deemed-to-be University), Ramanagara District, Karnataka - 562112, India 0000-0001-7313-1712 Madhu Prakash Srivastava Department of Science, Maharishi University of Information Technology, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. 0000-0003-0984-8043 Saksham Sood Centre of Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University, Rajpura- 140417, Punjab, India 0009-0004-4033-0159 Jagmeet Sohal Chitkara Centre for Research and Development, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh-174103 India 0009-0000-6950-9022 Journal Article 2025 04 18 Objective Climate change is a serious threat to global agriculture, especially in areas where crop productivity is closely linked to environmental factors such as rainfall and temperature. Although the risk associated with climate change is well recognized, limited empirical research has discovered the effect domestically in rural, agricultural -free fields. This study examines the effect of climate change on domestic food security, identifies large climate voltages and examines socio -economic factors that form adapted reactions from farmers. Materials and methods Three decades of climate data (1980–2024) were analyzed to assess temperature and rainfall. A total of 190 Smallholder farmers were selected through simple random samples, and data was collected using structured interviews and focus group discussions to include both quantitative and qualitative insight. Descriptive statistics and analysis of binary logistic region was used to evaluate the relationship between domestic characteristics and food security status. Results The findings indicate that irregular rainfall patterns, growing temperatures, multiplied soil erosion, and an upward push in pest and disease outbreaks have adversely affected agricultural productiveness inside the have a look at location. Based on caloric consumption thresholds, 61.5% of the surveyed families had been categorized as food insecure. Statistical evaluation discovered that age, own family size, cultivated land vicinity, and precipitation stages were extensive predictors (p < 0.04) of family food security. Notably, 68.9% of the farmers mentioned enforcing adaptive strategies, consisting of crop diversification, adoption of stepped forward crop sorts, livestock rearing, and engagement in alternative profits-producing activities. These adaptive responses reflect developing cognizance and resilience at the network level. Conclusions The take a look at emphasizes the significance of enhancing get admission to climate information, strengthening women's involvement in agricultural livelihoods, and enhancing institutional aid for model techniques. Promoting weather-smart agricultural practices and sustainable land management could be critical in addressing the food security challenges associated with ongoing climatic adjustments. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of climate change on domestic food security in agricultural societies and identify socio -economic and adaptation factors affecting the flexibility of small farmers. Objective Climate change is a serious threat to global agriculture, especially in areas where crop productivity is closely linked to environmental factors such as rainfall and temperature. Although the risk associated with climate change is well recognized, limited empirical research has discovered the effect domestically in rural, agricultural -free fields. This study examines the effect of climate change on domestic food security, identifies large climate voltages and examines socio -economic factors that form adapted reactions from farmers. Materials and methods Three decades of climate data (1980–2024) were analyzed to assess temperature and rainfall. A total of 190 Smallholder farmers were selected through simple random samples, and data was collected using structured interviews and focus group discussions to include both quantitative and qualitative insight. Descriptive statistics and analysis of binary logistic region was used to evaluate the relationship between domestic characteristics and food security status. Results The findings indicate that irregular rainfall patterns, growing temperatures, multiplied soil erosion, and an upward push in pest and disease outbreaks have adversely affected agricultural productiveness inside the have a look at location. Based on caloric consumption thresholds, 61.5% of the surveyed families had been categorized as food insecure. Statistical evaluation discovered that age, own family size, cultivated land vicinity, and precipitation stages were extensive predictors (p < 0.04) of family food security. Notably, 68.9% of the farmers mentioned enforcing adaptive strategies, consisting of crop diversification, adoption of stepped forward crop sorts, livestock rearing, and engagement in alternative profits-producing activities. These adaptive responses reflect developing cognizance and resilience at the network level. Conclusions The take a look at emphasizes the significance of enhancing get admission to climate information, strengthening women's involvement in agricultural livelihoods, and enhancing institutional aid for model techniques. Promoting weather-smart agricultural practices and sustainable land management could be critical in addressing the food security challenges associated with ongoing climatic adjustments. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of climate change on domestic food security in agricultural societies and identify socio -economic and adaptation factors affecting the flexibility of small farmers.

https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5465_4275f89744278864da88c2fda68ec4e9.pdf

Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology Society Agricultural Biotechnology Journal 2228-6705 18 3 2026 08 23 Developing hybrid tissue culture methods for disease-resistant marine algae in food industry applications Developing hybrid tissue culture methods for disease-resistant marine algae in food industry applications 571 584 5467 10.22103/jab.2026.25260.1712 FA C. R. Ramanathan Department of GMDSS, AMET University, Kanathur, Tamil Nadu-603112, India. 0009-0006-0408-5381 Muthukumar Muthukumar Department of Marine Engineering, AMET University, Kanathur, Tamil Nadu-603112, India 0009-0003-4770-2579 Journal Article 2025 05 13 Objective This study aimed to develop and evaluate a hybrid tissue culture method, called Somatic Embryogenesis-Micropropagation-Controlled Bioreactor Culture (SE-Mp-CBc), for producing disease-resistant marine algae. And enhance algae regeneration efficiency and marine microbial resistance for food industry-orient applications. Materials and methods To develop the SE-Mp-CBc system, marine algal explants were collected and cultured in nutrient-optimized media containing selective plant growth regulators and elicitors. The explants were sterilized and subjected to somatic embryogenesis and micropropagation processes under a sterile environment. To maintain the optimization, the pH, temperature, aeration, and nutrient flow were controlled and managed by the bioreactor system. The experiment was designed to improve and assess the regeneration process and relative resistance score (RS) to marine pathogens. The physical and molecular changes, like morphological changes, biomass yield, and disease resistance in the marine algae, were measured and analysed by the ANOVA statistical tool. Results In the algae regeneration, the SE-Mp-CBc showed a major improvement compared to the traditional methods. The regeneration process was successful by enhancing callus induction, shoot development, and tissue survival with the hybrid system. Regeneration efficiency improved across multiple strains, showing a clear advantage of the controlled bioreactor environment. Pathogen resistance also increased notably, with SE-Mp-CBc-grown algae showing a 35% decrease in infection severity and a 25% increase in biomass yield over conventionally grown samples. Disease resistance analysis confirmed more stable and elevated immune responses in bioreactor-cultured strains. Conclusions This hybrid tissue culture method gives a flexible, and efficient solution for marine algae cultivation. By merging somatic embryogenesis and micropropagation with bioreactor technology. The challenges like low generation rates, contamination risks and the limited disease resistance were faced by the conventional methods were overcome by the The SE-Mp-CBc system. This method gives the uniform tissue development and low stress in the algae cells, it supporting sustainable large-scale algae production. It was weather independent, yearly round operation makes it unique for food processing, nutraceuticals, and biodegradable packaging industries. Furthermore, research and development was needed for diver’s algal species and economical improvement, but the approach provides a strong foundation for transforming marine biotechnology and securing algae as a reliable industrial crop. Objective This study aimed to develop and evaluate a hybrid tissue culture method, called Somatic Embryogenesis-Micropropagation-Controlled Bioreactor Culture (SE-Mp-CBc), for producing disease-resistant marine algae. And enhance algae regeneration efficiency and marine microbial resistance for food industry-orient applications. Materials and methods To develop the SE-Mp-CBc system, marine algal explants were collected and cultured in nutrient-optimized media containing selective plant growth regulators and elicitors. The explants were sterilized and subjected to somatic embryogenesis and micropropagation processes under a sterile environment. To maintain the optimization, the pH, temperature, aeration, and nutrient flow were controlled and managed by the bioreactor system. The experiment was designed to improve and assess the regeneration process and relative resistance score (RS) to marine pathogens. The physical and molecular changes, like morphological changes, biomass yield, and disease resistance in the marine algae, were measured and analysed by the ANOVA statistical tool. Results In the algae regeneration, the SE-Mp-CBc showed a major improvement compared to the traditional methods. The regeneration process was successful by enhancing callus induction, shoot development, and tissue survival with the hybrid system. Regeneration efficiency improved across multiple strains, showing a clear advantage of the controlled bioreactor environment. Pathogen resistance also increased notably, with SE-Mp-CBc-grown algae showing a 35% decrease in infection severity and a 25% increase in biomass yield over conventionally grown samples. Disease resistance analysis confirmed more stable and elevated immune responses in bioreactor-cultured strains. Conclusions This hybrid tissue culture method gives a flexible, and efficient solution for marine algae cultivation. By merging somatic embryogenesis and micropropagation with bioreactor technology. The challenges like low generation rates, contamination risks and the limited disease resistance were faced by the conventional methods were overcome by the The SE-Mp-CBc system. This method gives the uniform tissue development and low stress in the algae cells, it supporting sustainable large-scale algae production. It was weather independent, yearly round operation makes it unique for food processing, nutraceuticals, and biodegradable packaging industries. Furthermore, research and development was needed for diver’s algal species and economical improvement, but the approach provides a strong foundation for transforming marine biotechnology and securing algae as a reliable industrial crop.

https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5467_7c4121d27bf970f00f1dfdcee8f43a5d.pdf

Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology Society Agricultural Biotechnology Journal 2228-6705 18 3 2026 08 23 Molecular characterization of Chrysomya bezziana isolated from sheep and goats in Al Muthanna Governorate, Iraq Molecular characterization of Chrysomya bezziana isolated from sheep and goats in Al Muthanna Governorate, Iraq 585 598 5472 10.22103/jab.2026.27124.1889 FA Zeina Qasim Fahmi Department of Parasitology, College Veterinary Medicine, Al-Qasim Green University, Babylon 51013, Iraq 0009-0006-1876-0093 Akeel Mohammad Kadim Al-Musawi Department of Parasitology, College Veterinary Medicine, Al-Qasim Green University, Babylon 51013, Iraq. 0000-0003-2575-4717 Journal Article 2026 05 07 Objective The Old World screwworm fly (Chrysomya bezziana) is an obligate parasitic fly that causes myiasis in livestock and occasionally in humans. It causes obligate myiasis in livestock and can infest humans in some cases. The aim of the current study was to identify Chrysomya bezziana larvae collected from sheep and goats in Al-Muthanna Governorate, Iraq using molecular techniques for the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene and investigate the phylogenetic relationship between Iraqi isolates and global reference strains. Materials and methods In this study, A total of 100 larvae were collected from infected sheep and goats (n = 150 examined animals) from different regions of Al-Muthani Governorate, Iraq. Genomic DNA was extracted from the tissues of the collected larvae using a standard method. Species-specific primers were designed to study the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. PCR was used to amplify the 670 bp fragment expected for the designed primers. PCR products from selected positive samples were subjected to Sanger sequencing. Sequences were analyzed using BLAST (NCBI) and phylogenetic analysis was performed using MEGA11 software to determine their genetic relationships with global isolates. Results Genetic analysis showed that a 670-base-pair segment of the COI gene accurately identified the screwworm fly. Subsequent genetic analysis confirmed this identification by matching the DNA sequence with adult fly samples. The phylogenetic tree shows a degree of separation between Iraqi and global isolates. The Iraqi samples cluster together in their own specific cluster within the tree, while the global isolates are distributed in separate clusters. This indicates that the C. bezziana isolates from Iraq belong to the same species at the global level, but they exhibit slight genetic variation compared to some strains recorded in other countries. Conclusion According to the results obtained in this study, it can be concluded that the COI gene can be used as an effective molecular marker for the accurate identification of Chrysomya bezziana. The genetic similarity obtained between the Iraqi isolates in this study, although slightly different from global strains, could indicate the presence of regional genetic characteristics of this species in Iraq. Objective The Old World screwworm fly (Chrysomya bezziana) is an obligate parasitic fly that causes myiasis in livestock and occasionally in humans. It causes obligate myiasis in livestock and can infest humans in some cases. The aim of the current study was to identify Chrysomya bezziana larvae collected from sheep and goats in Al-Muthanna Governorate, Iraq using molecular techniques for the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene and investigate the phylogenetic relationship between Iraqi isolates and global reference strains. Materials and methods In this study, A total of 100 larvae were collected from infected sheep and goats (n = 150 examined animals) from different regions of Al-Muthani Governorate, Iraq. Genomic DNA was extracted from the tissues of the collected larvae using a standard method. Species-specific primers were designed to study the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. PCR was used to amplify the 670 bp fragment expected for the designed primers. PCR products from selected positive samples were subjected to Sanger sequencing. Sequences were analyzed using BLAST (NCBI) and phylogenetic analysis was performed using MEGA11 software to determine their genetic relationships with global isolates. Results Genetic analysis showed that a 670-base-pair segment of the COI gene accurately identified the screwworm fly. Subsequent genetic analysis confirmed this identification by matching the DNA sequence with adult fly samples. The phylogenetic tree shows a degree of separation between Iraqi and global isolates. The Iraqi samples cluster together in their own specific cluster within the tree, while the global isolates are distributed in separate clusters. This indicates that the C. bezziana isolates from Iraq belong to the same species at the global level, but they exhibit slight genetic variation compared to some strains recorded in other countries. Conclusion According to the results obtained in this study, it can be concluded that the COI gene can be used as an effective molecular marker for the accurate identification of Chrysomya bezziana. The genetic similarity obtained between the Iraqi isolates in this study, although slightly different from global strains, could indicate the presence of regional genetic characteristics of this species in Iraq.

https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5472_64c26b2a2dcf068c49894bd07e0e6389.pdf

Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology Society Agricultural Biotechnology Journal 2228-6705 18 3 2026 08 23 Effect of adding different concentrations of tarragon on chemical, cooking, and microbial properties of refrigerated beef patties Effect of adding different concentrations of tarragon on chemical, cooking, and microbial properties of refrigerated beef patties 599 614 5487 10.22103/jab.2026.27151.1894 FA Laith Fareed Hasan Al-Obaidi Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq 0000-0002-1482-994X Saraa Amer Mohsin Alisawi Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq. 0009-0003-8018-3045 Maryam Hamid Abdulkadhim Kifaee Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq 0009-0003-7598-1843 Ameer Salem Al-Esawi Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq 0000-0001-7583-5596 Journal Article 2026 05 10 Objective Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.) is a perennial aromatic herb widely used both fresh (leaves) and dried as a culinary and medicinal herb. Its essential oil contains bioactive compounds with estragole identified as the major component in the oil profile. It also contains flavonoids, phenolic compound and carotenoids. Tarragon exhibits considerable medicinal potential, with essential oils and extracts showing strong antibacterial effects and a wide range of bioactivities. The current study aimed to know the effect of adding different concentrations of tarragon powder on some microbial and chemical properties of minced meat patties stored at 4°C. The study also evaluated the effect of tarragon powder on some physical properties, including cooking loss and cooking yield of beef patties. Materials and methods During this study, different percentages of tarragon powder (1, 2, and 3%,) were added to the minced beef patties and stored at a temperature of 4°C. Control treatment was minced beef patties without any addition. Microbiological tests were conducted for ground meat patties after passing 0, 3, 6 and 9 days from cold storage at 4° C. Statistical analysis was performed using GenStat version 12. Results The results of the study indicated that tarragon powder significantly reduces microbial growth and lipid oxidation in refrigerated beef patties during storage. After 9 days of storage, total bacterial counts decreased from 296 × 10⁶ CFU/g in the control to 75 × 10⁶ CFU/g in patties containing 3% tarragon powder. Similarly, TBA values decreased from 2.77 mg malondialdehyde/kg in the control treatment to 1.55 mg malondialdehyde/kg in the 3% tarragon treatment. Moreover, the results of the study indicated a significant increase in TBA values during storage, indicating increased lipid oxidation. In addition, increasing tarragon concentration significantly reduced cooking loss from 38.0% in the control to 17.93% in the 3% tarragon treatment, while cooking yield increased from 61.88% to 82.07%. Conclusion The findings suggest that tarragon powder can be used as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent to improve the quality and extend the shelf life of beef patties during refrigerated storage. Objective Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.) is a perennial aromatic herb widely used both fresh (leaves) and dried as a culinary and medicinal herb. Its essential oil contains bioactive compounds with estragole identified as the major component in the oil profile. It also contains flavonoids, phenolic compound and carotenoids. Tarragon exhibits considerable medicinal potential, with essential oils and extracts showing strong antibacterial effects and a wide range of bioactivities. The current study aimed to know the effect of adding different concentrations of tarragon powder on some microbial and chemical properties of minced meat patties stored at 4°C. The study also evaluated the effect of tarragon powder on some physical properties, including cooking loss and cooking yield of beef patties. Materials and methods During this study, different percentages of tarragon powder (1, 2, and 3%,) were added to the minced beef patties and stored at a temperature of 4°C. Control treatment was minced beef patties without any addition. Microbiological tests were conducted for ground meat patties after passing 0, 3, 6 and 9 days from cold storage at 4° C. Statistical analysis was performed using GenStat version 12. Results The results of the study indicated that tarragon powder significantly reduces microbial growth and lipid oxidation in refrigerated beef patties during storage. After 9 days of storage, total bacterial counts decreased from 296 × 10⁶ CFU/g in the control to 75 × 10⁶ CFU/g in patties containing 3% tarragon powder. Similarly, TBA values decreased from 2.77 mg malondialdehyde/kg in the control treatment to 1.55 mg malondialdehyde/kg in the 3% tarragon treatment. Moreover, the results of the study indicated a significant increase in TBA values during storage, indicating increased lipid oxidation. In addition, increasing tarragon concentration significantly reduced cooking loss from 38.0% in the control to 17.93% in the 3% tarragon treatment, while cooking yield increased from 61.88% to 82.07%. Conclusion The findings suggest that tarragon powder can be used as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent to improve the quality and extend the shelf life of beef patties during refrigerated storage.

https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5487_139042a4157a773f209847829d80894d.pdf

Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology Society Agricultural Biotechnology Journal 2228-6705 18 3 2026 08 23 Effect of humic acid and seaweed extract on growth, yield and essential oil of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Effect of humic acid and seaweed extract on growth, yield and essential oil of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) 615 632 5488 10.22103/jab.2026.27185.1902 FA Farah Najim Al-Deen Al-Nasrawi National Center of Hematology, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq. 0009-0006-2945-2440 Sara Mohammed Sadiq College of Pharmacy, University of Baghdad, Iraq. 0009-0009-8156-2075 Ghufran Alaa Al-Khazraji College of Education for Pure Science, Ibn Al-Haitham, University of Baghdad, Iraq 0009-0008-8458-7617 Journal Article 2026 05 13 Objective Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is a significant perennial aromatic and medicinal plant. It has economic, industrial, and medicinal value. This plant is widely used in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. The study was conducted to evaluate the impact of humic acid and seaweed extract on growth, yield, essential oil and active compound content of rosemary. Materials and methods The field trial was implemented during the crop season 2024-2025 at the research station of College of Education for Pure Science, Ibn Al-Haitham, University of Baghdad. The trial implemented as factorial arrangement according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Factor A: Humic acid (0, 1 and 2 mg/L). The second factor assessed was the concentration of seaweed extract (0, 1 and 2 mg/L). Results The addition of humic acid significantly affected most of the measured traits, as the treatment of 2 mg/L achieved the highest average in the number of branches, reaching 6.696 branch/plant, root length 28.06 cm, the percentage of volatile oil in the leaves 4.703 %, the plant yield of essential oil 297.3 mg, and the leaf content of the active compound 765.9 mg Cineole. Spraying with seaweed extract at a concentration of 2 mg/L significantly outperformed by achieving the highest significant average in most of the measured traits. As the treatment of 2 mg/L achieved the highest average in the number of branches, reaching 6.784 branch/plant, root length 27.13 cm, the percentage of volatile oil in the leaves 4.455 %, the plant yield of essential oil 289.8 mg, and the leaf content of the active compound 773.3 mg Cineole. The interaction effect between the two study factors was significant in most of the studied traits. Conclusion The results of this study showed that the combined application of humic acid and seaweed extract (especially at a concentration of 2 mg/L) can significantly improve the vegetative growth, biomass production, essential oil percentage and 1,8-cineole content of rosemary plants. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of natural biostimulants can increase the productivity of rosemary and support sustainable agricultural practices. Objective Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is a significant perennial aromatic and medicinal plant. It has economic, industrial, and medicinal value. This plant is widely used in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. The study was conducted to evaluate the impact of humic acid and seaweed extract on growth, yield, essential oil and active compound content of rosemary. Materials and methods The field trial was implemented during the crop season 2024-2025 at the research station of College of Education for Pure Science, Ibn Al-Haitham, University of Baghdad. The trial implemented as factorial arrangement according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Factor A: Humic acid (0, 1 and 2 mg/L). The second factor assessed was the concentration of seaweed extract (0, 1 and 2 mg/L). Results The addition of humic acid significantly affected most of the measured traits, as the treatment of 2 mg/L achieved the highest average in the number of branches, reaching 6.696 branch/plant, root length 28.06 cm, the percentage of volatile oil in the leaves 4.703 %, the plant yield of essential oil 297.3 mg, and the leaf content of the active compound 765.9 mg Cineole. Spraying with seaweed extract at a concentration of 2 mg/L significantly outperformed by achieving the highest significant average in most of the measured traits. As the treatment of 2 mg/L achieved the highest average in the number of branches, reaching 6.784 branch/plant, root length 27.13 cm, the percentage of volatile oil in the leaves 4.455 %, the plant yield of essential oil 289.8 mg, and the leaf content of the active compound 773.3 mg Cineole. The interaction effect between the two study factors was significant in most of the studied traits. Conclusion The results of this study showed that the combined application of humic acid and seaweed extract (especially at a concentration of 2 mg/L) can significantly improve the vegetative growth, biomass production, essential oil percentage and 1,8-cineole content of rosemary plants. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of natural biostimulants can increase the productivity of rosemary and support sustainable agricultural practices.

https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5488_56c3b2c6ea3a83aaeeff35eeb45d700d.pdf

Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Iranian Biotechnology Society Agricultural Biotechnology Journal 2228-6705 18 3 2026 08 23 Determination of the levels of certain immunological and physiological markers in rats with paracetamol-induced nephrotoxicity treated with luteolin Determination of the levels of certain immunological and physiological markers in rats with paracetamol-induced nephrotoxicity treated with luteolin 633 652 5489 10.22103/jab.2026.27146.1893 FA Sabreen Kadhim Salih Department of Biology, College of Education, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq. Ennas Mohamed Majhwol Department of Biology, College of Education, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq. 0000-0001-8148-549X Journal Article 2026 05 09 Objective This study was conducted to investigate the protective role of luteolin in reducing paracetamol-induced nephrotoxicity through the evaluation of certain immunological and biochemical parameters in albino rats. Materials and methods A total of 32 adult male laboratory rats (three months and 145-165 g) were used in this study. The experiment was carried out in the animal house of the Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Al-Qadisiyah. The animals were randomly divided into four groups, with eight rats in each group. Animals in the control group were administered normal water throughout the experimental period (30 days). The first treatment group (T1), in which animals were injected with paracetamol at a dose of 470 mg/kg body weight. Animals in the second treatment group (T2) were administered luteolin at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight. The third treatment group (T3), in which animals were injected with paracetamol at a dose of 470 mg/kg body weight concurrently with luteolin at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight. Paracetamol and luteolin were administered once daily for 30 consecutive days. Results The results of the current study demonstrated a significant increase (P<0.05) in kidney function indicators (urea, creatinine, and uric acid), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and inflammatory markers (TNF-α and IL-6). These indicators accompanied by a significant decrease (P<0.05) in body weight gain and antioxidant parameters (GSH and CAT) in the T1 group compared with the control group. In contrast, no significant differences were observed in the T2 group compared with the control group. Meanwhile, the T3 group showed marked improvement, represented by a significant reduction (P<0.05) in kidney function indicators, MDA levels, and inflammatory markers (TNF-α and IL-6). These improvements were along with a significant increase (P<0.05) in body weight gain and antioxidant parameters (GSH and CAT) compared with the T1 group. Conclusion The results of this study showed that paracetamol administration caused significant nephrotoxicity. This damage was associated with impaired renal function, increased oxidative stress, and increased inflammatory markers in rats. Luteolin treatment significantly ameliorated these changes. It does this through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, leading to improved renal function indices and restoration of antioxidant defense mechanisms. Therefore, it can be concluded that luteolin may be a promising protective agent against paracetamol-induced renal injury. Objective This study was conducted to investigate the protective role of luteolin in reducing paracetamol-induced nephrotoxicity through the evaluation of certain immunological and biochemical parameters in albino rats. Materials and methods A total of 32 adult male laboratory rats (three months and 145-165 g) were used in this study. The experiment was carried out in the animal house of the Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Al-Qadisiyah. The animals were randomly divided into four groups, with eight rats in each group. Animals in the control group were administered normal water throughout the experimental period (30 days). The first treatment group (T1), in which animals were injected with paracetamol at a dose of 470 mg/kg body weight. Animals in the second treatment group (T2) were administered luteolin at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight. The third treatment group (T3), in which animals were injected with paracetamol at a dose of 470 mg/kg body weight concurrently with luteolin at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight. Paracetamol and luteolin were administered once daily for 30 consecutive days. Results The results of the current study demonstrated a significant increase (P<0.05) in kidney function indicators (urea, creatinine, and uric acid), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and inflammatory markers (TNF-α and IL-6). These indicators accompanied by a significant decrease (P<0.05) in body weight gain and antioxidant parameters (GSH and CAT) in the T1 group compared with the control group. In contrast, no significant differences were observed in the T2 group compared with the control group. Meanwhile, the T3 group showed marked improvement, represented by a significant reduction (P<0.05) in kidney function indicators, MDA levels, and inflammatory markers (TNF-α and IL-6). These improvements were along with a significant increase (P<0.05) in body weight gain and antioxidant parameters (GSH and CAT) compared with the T1 group. Conclusion The results of this study showed that paracetamol administration caused significant nephrotoxicity. This damage was associated with impaired renal function, increased oxidative stress, and increased inflammatory markers in rats. Luteolin treatment significantly ameliorated these changes. It does this through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, leading to improved renal function indices and restoration of antioxidant defense mechanisms. Therefore, it can be concluded that luteolin may be a promising protective agent against paracetamol-induced renal injury.

https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5489_d902c3ce47124c66ce615d5ad9ba304f.pdf