https://jab.uk.ac.ir/ Agricultural Biotechnology Journal en daily 1 Sun, 06 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0330 Sun, 06 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0330 https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_163.html Study of genes involved in flower formation could help to increase our understanding of floral organ identity mechanisms. In this research, the expression pattern of four MADS- box gene family including RaA2, RaB17, RaG24 and RaK17 isolated from the dioecious plant Rumex acetosa was studied. RNA extracted from different tissues (inflorescence, stem, leaf and root) of male and female plants, was used for Northern blot analysis. RaA2 and RaB17 genes are expressed in reproductive organs but RaG24 and Ra K17 genes were shown to be expressed in both vegetative and reproductive organs. Alignment of their deduced proteins with other known MADS box proteins showed that they are belongs to distinct subfamily groups. The proteins of RaA2 and RaB17 genes showed the highest similarity to MADS proteins from Malus domestica and CMB1 from Diantus caryophyllus, respectively. The proteins of RaG24 and Ra K17 genes have the highest similarity to TDR3 protein from Lycopersicon esculentum and MADS5 protein from Betula pendula and POTM1 protein from Solanum tuberosum which are expressed in both vegetative and reproductive phases. In Southern blot analysis, there is a difference in hybridisation pattern between male and female. The simple pattern of hybridisation indicated that there is a single copy and small gene family of each gene in the genome https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_164.html By using molecular farming, plants are used as a bio-reactor for producing low cost recombinant proteins. This technology had been successful in the production of primary products in the commercial field. Other recombinant products are in final steps of production. In the last 10 years, up to 100 different recombinant proteins are produced in transgenic plants. Plants have many advantages in comparison with other expression systems, especially in economic, safety, operations and production aspects. However, there are some problems for using plants as a bio-reactor with the goal of recombinant proteins production that should be considered. Some of these problems are: the quality of final product, extraction and the processing of plant derived pharmaceutical macromolecules and bio-safety.  In this study, we will review the global view of molecular farming and some successful cases in Iran. During 8 years of research in the field of molecular farming in Iran, especially in Tarbiat Modarres University, different kinds of recombinant proteins such as VHH single domain antibody in tobacco and canola and tPA protein in tobacco were expressed. The human gamma interferon in canola and tobacco and also the luciferase enzyme in tobacco, African violet and canola were produced. Also, useful projects are executed in the field of transplastomic plants in order to express the mentioned genes in the chloroplast. In transferring the human pro-insulin gene to chloroplast genome, this gene was bombarded onto tobacco leaf ex-plants using a particle delivery system. Leaf ex-plants produced adventitious shoots when cultured on shoot-inducing medium containing spectinomycin. The results of PCR confirmed that the pro-insulin gene was present in the chloroplast genome https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_165.html Some plants are naturally able to acquire nitrogen from the air through a process called symbiotic nitrogen fixation. In soybean, a close interaction between the root and Bradyrhizobium japonica, results in the formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules.  Both partners benefit from this interaction: the bacterium gains sugar from the plant, and the plant obtains reduced nitrogen. Autoregulation of Nodulation (AON) through the expression of GmNARK in soybean leave is the main genetically-controlled mechanism that regulates nodulation. Autoregulation of nodulation (AON), is a long-distance signaling network which acts to limit the proliferation of nodules which operates to limit the proliferation of nodules Affymetrix microarray and quantitative real-time reverse-transcriptase (QRT) PCR in wild type and the GmNARK AON mutant confirmed that the expression of GmaAffx.32318.1 has been decreased in wild type related to mutant and regulated in the leaf by GmNARK in a rhizobia-independent manner. This gene (GmaAffx.32318.1) that was cloned and sequenced is predicted to encode a Ca-transporter. It has 2460 bp with the coding sequence, upstream and downstream of gene. The predicted protein included 202 amino acids and contains 5 transmembrane domains that can be act as cell receptor or carrier with 70% similarity to a heterologous gene in Arabidopsis.   https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_166.html Fusarium Head Blight is a critical wheat disease in Iran, particularly in the provinces of; Mazandaran, Golestan, Ardabil (Moghan) and Fars. The main casual agent of this disease is the fungus Fusarium graminearum. Primary evaluation of 3350 bread wheat accessions of National Plant Gene Bank of Iran to FHB, revealed that some of them were resistant. Twenty two resistant samples along with 1 resistant check and 1 susceptible check derived from primary selection were evaluated using RCBD with 3 replications surrounded by the spreader in Gharakhil Research Station, Sari in autumn 2002. Five severe casual isolates of Fusarium were used for the resistance evaluation. Five times of spray inoculation were applied on the samples just before sunset, in which the concentration of inocula was 3×104 macro conidia/ml. The main agronomic traits were evaluated. The plant pathogen interaction characters, disease index, disease incidence and Fusarium damaged kernels were evaluated three times 10, 14 and 18 days after inoculation. Disease intensity area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was also calculated. The results revealed that several samples were resistant to disease compared to resistant check. Cluster analysis showed that the resistant accessions were grouped in the same cluster with the resistant check, Sumai#3. For achievement of markers linked to resistance, ten SSR primer pairs were applied. The samples produced different band patterns; however the primers GWM234, GWM251 and GWM340 were informative. They may be able to discriminate resistant samples through optimizing lab conditions and further trials.  https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_167.html To identify the QTLs responsible for salinity tolerance in tolerant line (FL478), 2350 BC3F4 lines derived from IR29×FL478 were used at IRRI during 2005-2007. Significant differences among back cross families were found for salinity tolerance scoring, sodium and potassium concentration and their ratio. The results showed that the low ratio for Na+/K+ in FL478 is mainly through lower amount of Na+ uptake rather than high amount of K+.  Selective Genotyping with 500 extreme individuals indicated that the highest and lowest number of QTLs for Na+ and K+, respectively. The result of QTL mapping by SSR markers using 500 extremes individuals showed the highest and lowest number of QTLs for Na+ and K+ respectively. Composite interval mapping analysis revealed that in addition to chromosome 1, there are major QTLs on chromosomes 6, 8, 10 and 12 for salinity tolerance at seedling stage in rice. In the Saltol region, one QTL was found for Na+ concentration while for the other traits the QTLs were found in the upper part of Saltol region.  Major QTLs responsible for salinity tolerance scoring were located on chromosomes 1, 3 and 6. For Na+ concentration and Na+/K+ ratio, chromosomes 1, 3, 6, 10 and 12 contained the major QTLs which mainly originated tolerant parent. The epistatic effects were not found for any of detected major QTLs. Based on the present results, breeding methods for QTLs pyramiding using marker-assisted selection could be very useful for the development of new varieties with a high level of salt tolerance by targeting several major QTLs for salt-tolerance using FL478. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_168.html Evaluating and detection of genetic disorders is very important in both human and animal communities. Blood samples were prepared from 162 cows from Sarabi cows’ research station in Sarab, East Azerbaijan province, Iran. DNA extraction was done based on guanidine thiocyanate – silica gel method. The aim of this study was to identify the CVM and DUMPS carriers in Sarabi native cows of Iran. Standard polymerase chain reaction was applied to amplify a 177 bp and a 108 bp fragments from exon 4 in SLAC35A3 gene and exon 5 in UMPs gene using specific primers pair. The SLC35A3 gene PCR products were analyzed using single stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) to reveal their mutations on polyacrylamide gel. In order to identify DUMPS carrier animals, a RFLP assay was conducted and the UMPs PCR products were digested by AvaI restriction enzyme. Results indicated that no G→T mutation at position 559 in exon 4 of SLAC35A3 gene and C→T mutation at position 405 in exon 5 of UMPs gene in examined cows respectively and subsequently no carrier was identified.   https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_169.html Genome scan to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) is one of the efficient strategies for molecular dissection of complex traits. QTL mapping is the first step toward the detection of genes responsible for quantitative traits variation. The objective of the present research was to identify QTL influencing carcass weight in cattle. Six Limousin × Jersey crossbred sires were mated to both Jersey and Limousin dams producing 782 backcross progeny. Six sires and all the progeny were genotyped for 189 microsattelite markers. Carcass weight (CWT) was pre-adjusted to account for known fixed effects including, slaughter group, sex, year, herd, dam breed, birth type and age of dam. Residuals were stored after standardization by dividing by the phenotypic standard deviation (σP). Linkage with standardized CWT was tested, using interval-mapping regression procedure. Three genome-wide significant QTL located on BTA3, 5 and 14 and two chromosome-wide significant QTL resided on BTA10 and 17 were identified for CWT. QTL located on BTA14 was segregating in all the six families. The QTL effects raged from 0.4 to 0.8 in units of phenotypic standard deviation, thus the experiment had only a power to detect medium to large QTL.  https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5490.html Objective Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), as one of the important medicinal and aromatic plants in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Among the terpenes of rosemary, carnosic acid has gained significant importance due to its therapeutic properties such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antitumor effects. Consequently, researchers' attention has been drawn to the application of elicitors to enhance the growth and increase the essential oil of rosemary. Given the medicinal importance of rosemary and the potential of chitosan and salicylic acid in enhancing plant traits, this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of these elicitors on rosemary traits and the expression of key genes in the carnosic acid pathway (KSLI and CPSI). Materials and methods This research was carried out as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Three months after transplanting the seedlings, chitosan (Ch) at concentrations of 10, 50, and 100 mg/L and salicylic acid (SA) at concentrations of 5, 10, and 20 µM were applied individually and in combination, in three stages at three-week intervals, as foliar sprays on the aerial parts of rosemary. Physiological and biochemical traits and expression of key genes of carnosic acid biosynthesis pathway were measured one week after the last spraying. Results The treatment combinations had synergistic effects on rosemary traits. As the most effective treatments, SA 10 µM + Ch 100 mg/L and SA 20 µM + Ch 50 mg/L treatments led to a 44 and 45% significant decrease in MDA, 2 and 2.5-fold significant increase in phenol, 2.8 and 2.9-fold increase in sugars, 2.6 and 2-fold increase in catalase activity, 2.8 and 2.5-fold increase in SOD activity, 2 and 2.3-fold increase in polyphenol oxidase activity, 3 and 1.9-fold increase in chlorophyll content, 2 and 2.2-fold increase in carotenoid content, 2.3 and 2.6-fold increase in essential oil content, 3 and 3.6-fold increase in CPSI gene expression, 3.4 and 3.6-fold increase in KSLI gene expression, respectively. Conclusions Combined treatments significantly reduce lipid peroxidation and increase pigments, the antioxidant system, essential oil, and the expression of key genes in the carnosic acid pathway. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5491.html Objective Meristem culture is a method used to produce virus-free plants. This study aimed to eliminate common viruses affecting Malus domestica L. Additionally, the investigation focused on the effects of two compounds, pectin and phloroglucinol, on improving branching and rooting.   Materials and methods Lateral and apical bud explants were collected at three different time points in July, August, and September. The establishment of meristems was assessed using various concentrations of BA hormones. Explants derived from meristem growth were then transferred to an MS propagation medium supplemented with BA and GA3 hormones. After identifying the most suitable culture medium for propagation, the explants were moved to an optimal medium containing pectin and phloroglucinol to examine their effects on shoot length, shoot number, and leaf development. Rooting of elongated stems from the propagation stage was performed in MS½ medium with NAA and IBA hormones. Additionally, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of phloroglucinol on rooting percentage. To confirm their virus-free status, regenerated plants from meristems were tested using RT-PCR. Results The results indicated that explants collected in the latter half of July in MS medium with a concentration of 1 mg L-1 BA showed the highest establishment percentage (26.66%). The optimal medium for promoting stem elongation contained 1 BA and 1 mg L-1 GA3. The highest leaf development was observed in MS medium with 1 mg L-1 BA and without GA3. The interaction between BA and GA₃ significantly affected the number of secondary branches, whereas no significant effect was observed on the number of primary branches. Adding pectin in the proliferation stage increased the stem length (45%) and the branch number (82.6%). Incorporation of phloroglucinol into the medium led to a 24% increase in stem length but a 39.13% decrease in branch quantity. The highest rooting percentage (34%) was observed in½ MS medium treated with 1 IBA plus 0.5 mg L-1 NAA. Phloroglucinol treatment diminished the rooting percentage while increasing the average number of roots per explant. RT-PCR analysis of the plant samples derived from meristem culture did not reveal any bands indicative of viral infection. Conclusions This research demonstrated that meristem culture is an effective technique for generating virus-free red-fleshed apple plants. Additionally, the RT-PCR method proved to be sufficiently precise for virus detection. Taking all factors into account, the application of pectin and phloroglucinol can serve as two dependable compounds to enhance branching during meristem culture. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5492.html Objective To investigate the effects of drought stress and identify the proteins involved in drought tolerance in sugar beet roots. Materials and methods For this purpose, the drought-tolerant sugar beet genotype Full sib S1-10-8001 was evaluated under normal conditions and drought stress. Seeds were planted in polyvinyl chloride tubes, one meter long and 20 centimeters in diameter. Four weeks after planting, drought stress was applied by interrupting irrigation for seven days in a cyclic manner. Subsequently, the protein pattern of the samples was assessed using two-dimensional electrophoresis and quantitative analysis of the spots. Results Statistical analysis of the traits of underground organ length and tuber length showed significant differences between drought stress and normal conditions, with drought stress leading to a reduction in these parameters and an increase in proline levels in the roots. The results obtained from protein separation using two-dimensional electrophoresis, with IEF in the first dimension and SDS-PAGE in the second dimension, indicated the identification of 59 protein spots from polyacrylamide gels using PDQuest software. Among these spots, 15 protein spots showed significant differences between normal and drought stress conditions, with three spots showing decreased expression and 12 spots showing increased expression. The results indicated that the identified proteins were involved in four functional groups related to stress adaptation mechanisms and defense, metabolism, energy production, and oxidative stress. Conclusion The biological role of the identified proteins in this study suggests that the studied sugar beet genotype likely utilizes various mechanisms, such as controlling reactive oxygen species, increasing lignin production, enhancing defense responses against pathogens, increasing the production of sterol compounds, protecting various biological mechanisms including photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, and protein assembly, as well as accumulating compounds such as glycerol within cells to cope with the negative effects of stress. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5493.html Objective Microbial enzymes are crucial for developing industrial bioprocesses due to their economic relevance in various bioindustry sectors. Therefore, the search for new hyper producing strains is very meaningful for meeting industrial needs. This study aimed to isolate and screen Aspergillus and Penicillium strains with high potential for the production of multiple biotechnologically important enzymes and biocontrol of some phytopathogens. Materials and methods: Thirty fungal strains were isolated from the rhizospheric soils of durum wheat crops in central Algeria and identified based on their phenotypic characteristics. Twelve strains from the targeted genera were screened for their ability to produce eight hydrolytic and lignocellulolytic enzymes on specific solid media. The hyper producer strains were tested for simultaneous enzyme production under solid-state fermentation using wheat bran as substrate and antagonism effect against some wheat pathogens (Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. verticillioides, and Alternaria alternata) by dual culture assay. Results: The findings revealed high production rates among screened strains: 100% for amylases, 91.67% for chitinases and cellulases, 83.33% for laccases, 75% for pectinases and lipases, and lower rates for proteases and gelatinases. Among the most efficient strains, A. niger S2 exhibited the highest amylase (5.46 IU/mL), protease (29.80 U/mL), and laccase (0.072 IU/mL) activities. Milk-clotting activities were notable for Penicillium sp. S1 (7.06 SU/mL) and A. niger S9 (46.60 SU/mL). Additionally, the strains produced significant chitinase levels (1.27–1.50 IU/g) within only 48 hours. The antagonistic activity of highly chitinase producers against Fusarium and Alternaria pathogens showed strong inhibition rates ranging from 50.3% to 73.33%, with A. niger S9 being the most effective. Conclusion: These findings revealed the potential of these locally isolated strains as promising candidates not only for the production of industrially relevant enzymes but also as effective biocontrol agents, paving the way for their application in both industrial biotechnology and sustainable agricultural practices. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5407.html ObjectiveChronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a chronic middle ear inflammatory disease characterized by microbial biofilms, alterations in immune mechanisms, epithelium and tissue destruction. To determine the relationship between PD-L1 expression and viral RNA positivity in patients with CSOM and the potential role of immune checkpoint analysis in terms of chronicity. Materials and methodsThere were fifty participants in this study, which included fifty patients with CSOM and twenty-five healthy controls. 50 of them were patients with CSOM attending the Otorhinolaryngology Department, Diwaniyah General Hospital, and 50 of them were apparently healthy controls without middle ear pathology. Patients were aged between 15 and 75 years of both sexes, and they were diagnosed according to clinical and otoscopic examination. RT-PCR was carried out for the detection of the viral genome of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus (N gene of 113 bp), Rhinovirus (UTR gene of 218 bp) and Adenovirus (310 bp). PD-L1 was measured by immunofluorescence assay with a 4-parameter logistic method (ELI).ResultsMolecular screening for viral RNA by RT-PCR showed that the majority of patients with chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) had one or more viral-positive screens. PCR for the detection of RNA from the viruses (SARS-CoV-2, Rhinovirus, and Adenovirus) was performed in 40/50 (80%) patients, and thereafter, 10/50 (20%) and 6/50 (12%) of the patients were found to be positive for the presence of RNA from Rhinovirus and Adenovirus, respectively. The mean serum PD-L1 level was significantly higher in patients compared with controls (0.242 ± 0.13 versus 1.01 ± 0.05 ng/ml; t = 5.26; P < 0.0001). A positive correlation was found to exist between PD-L1 elevation and viral RNA positivity. PD-L1 expression was remarkably increased in those patients who were positive for viral RNA (1.06 ng/mL) compared to those who were negative (0.58 ng/mL)ConclusionThe presence of viral RNA and PD-L1 overexpression in CSOM patients suggests an adaptive imbalanced immune response, which results in the silencing of hyperinflammation and microbial tolerance. These results suggest a major contribution of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway to the chronic nature of otitis media. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5358.html ObjectiveCeliac disease is one of the most common autoimmune disorders caused via gluten consumption of genetically susceptible individuals. This disease causes damages the small intestine through immune response. The main genetic risk factors are HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 genes, along with exposure to gluten. This study aimed to examine genetic and immunological markers of celiac disease in patients from Babylon Province. It compared age distribution between patients and healthy controls, tested for anti-gliadin IgG and IgA antibodies using ELISA, and checked for the presence of the HLA-DQ2 gene using conventional PCR in both groups.Materials and methodsBlood samples were collected from patients and healthy controls. Venous blood (3 mL in EDTA tubes for DNA extraction and 2 mL in gel tubes for serology) was drawn from each participant. Samples were transported in a cooling box within 2 to 24 hours and stored at 4°C until analysis. Serological tests detected anti-gliadin IgG and IgA antibodies by ELISA. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood for molecular analysis using conventional PCR to identify the HLA-DQ2 gene. Gel electrophoresis confirmed PCR products, with band size compared to a DNA ladder.  ResultsConventional PCR showed the HLA-DQ2 gene fragment at approximately 153 bp. In celiac disease patients, the homozygous HLA-DQ2 genotype was the most common, present in 77.2% (14 out of patients tested). The remaining patients lacked this gene, likely due to following a strict gluten-free diet. In the control group, no one carried the HLA-DQ2 gene (0%). Studies demonstrated that HLA-DQ2 homozygosity carries the highest risk, that increase the possibility of early-onset celiac disease in children by 5 to 30 times in comparison to lower-risk genotypes like HLA-DQ8 homozygosity or HLA-DQ2/DQ8 heterozygosity. HLA-DQ2/DQ8 heterozygotes have a lower risk, with only about 3% developing the disease in spite of a 25-35% frequency in the general population. Thus, HLA-DQ2 homozygosity represents most frequent genotype among celiac disease patients.ConclusionMolecular genetic testing plays an important key role in identification of individuals who are at risk of celiac disease. Current study found that the homozygous of HLA-DQ2 genotype is the most common of celiac disease patients in Province of Babylon, in which highlight its strong association with the disease. These findings support the use of genetic screening alongside serological tests for better diagnosis and management. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5408.html ObjectiveHistological changes in colorectal cancer are an essential feature influenced by different factors, and they form an important key role in classification and diagnosis of the disease. Colorectal cancer is the most common cancer type that increased in last year among Iraqi population. This study aimed to estimate the association between histological characterization of colorectal cancer and the impact of mi-RNA free energy changings on their binding sites. Materials and methodsA cross-sectional study was suggested to achieve the study’s goal, histological features and characterization were used along with the analysis of changing in free energy of some mi-RNA (miR-125a-3p, miR-383-5p, miR-148a, miR-148b, miR-365a, miR-26a, miR-130a and miR-27) binding with their target sequences by PCR sequencing and in silico miRNA-mRNA hybridization prediction. ResultsThe results of these histological features demonstrated that adenocarcinoma was more abundant in this study (75%), about 58% of cases were well differentiated. The glands infiltrate the muscular layer but did not infiltrate the pericolonic fat. The free energy of CRC study samples distribution according to a Binding threshold of ΔG >-15 kcal/mol, a significant change in miR-148b was observed while other mi-RNA varied non-significantly between patient and control group. High energy levels were reported for miR-125a-3p, miR-383-5p, miR-148a, miR-365a and miR-26a in mucinous adenocarcinoma though non-significant. Variation in free energy levels was observed in different stages but non-significant. In the grade categories, significant elevation in miR-27 free energy was seen in well differentiation. All free energy values were non-significantly with respect to metastasis. In all types of mi-RNA, free energy levels were non-significantly changes across the N categories. Significant association was found between miR-365a and miR-148b while an inverse correlation was observed in the control group. On the other hand, in the control group significant association between miR-130a and miR-383-5p whereas an inverse correlation was found in the patient group.ConclusionThe findings demonstrated that the binding free energy was greater than -15 kcal/mol in almost all samples, suggesting that the miRNA-mRNA complexes were comparatively stable. miR-27 was found to have a significant impact on the CRC subtype, indicating a role in tumor classification, while miR-148b showed a significant tumor suppressive effect. Modified correlation patterns between patient and control groups' mi-RNA types suggest a power regulatory disturbance that could be useful for CRC diagnosis or treatment. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5409.html ObjectiveOne of the chemotherapy drugs used to treat many cancers in the world is doxorubicin (DOX). However, this drug cannot be used indefinitely for treatment. Because it can cause dose-dependent cardiotoxicity. This toxicity causes inflammation and damage to cardiac tissue and oxidative stress. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the potential cardioprotective effects of Illicium verum extract against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity in rats.Materials and methodsFour groups of mice that were randomly selected were used in this experiment. These four groups included the control group, the DOX-treated group, the 100 mg/kg Illicium verum extract treatment group, and the 200 mg/kg Illicium verum extract treatment group. The extract was administered orally for 7 days. Then, DOX injection was performed. The extract was administered orally for 7 days after the injection. Serum cardiac biomarkers including cardiac troponin-I (cTn-I), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured to assess cardiac injury. To complete the evaluations, we also measured inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α), oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde (MDA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO)), and antioxidant parameters (glutathione (GSH) and nitric oxide (NO)). To assess structural damage to cardiac tissue, we also performed histopathological studies.ResultsDOX injection resulted in significant increases in cardiac enzymes, inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress markers and decreased antioxidant levels. These indicate its cardiotoxic effect. Treatment with Illicium verum extract before injection improved the aforementioned biochemical parameters in a dose-dependent manner. The highest protective effect was observed in the 200 mg/kg extract group. This treatment had lower levels of cardiac injury markers and inflammatory mediators compared to the DOX group. In the extract-treated groups, myocardial injury was reduced, cellular degeneration was reduced, and tissue structure was improved.ConclusionBased on the results of this study, it can be suggested that Illicium verum extract can have significant cardioprotective effects against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. These positive effects may be due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, it is hoped that Illicium verum can be used to reduce cardiac damage associated with doxorubicin treatment. However, further studies on a larger scale are needed to draw definitive conclusions. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5410.html ObjectiveDate palm cultivation and date production hold a prominent position in the agricultural sector in terms of exports, in addition to local consumption and industrial use, as they are used in food industries and feed manufacturing. This study aimed to evaluate the dissemination of tissue culture technology for date palms in Diyala Governorate in terms of planning, organization, implementation, and evaluation, and to identify the reactions of date palm orchard owners regarding the application of tissue culture technology in Diyala Governorate. Materials and methodsThe study sample consisted of 113 date palm farmers. A diagnostic research approach was used to evaluate the process of disseminating date palm tissue culture (DPTC) technology in Diyala Governorate in terms of planning, organization, implementation, and evaluation to achieve the first objective. A field research approach was used to achieve the second objective by employing a questionnaire as a means to obtain information from the respondents using a tripartite scale (Agree, Somewhat Agree, and Disagree) to measure the reactions of date palm farmers towards the application of tissue culture technology. The following scores were assigned to the scale statements (1, 2, 3) respectively, with 24 items identified. ResultsThe results showed that the planning for the dissemination process of tissue culture technology is based on a sequence from planning, diagnosis, expansion, evaluation, and that the greatest effort was expended on the preparatory and organizational stages. The results also indicated that tissue culture technology is an effective and scientifically promising technology that has contributed to increasing the number of produced offshoots, improving the quality and health of date palms, in addition to developing the genetic and productive characteristics of date palms. However, the field expertise of the respondents was not at the required level, and date palm farmers still need more support and expertise in this field. ConclusionThe study recommended the necessity of working to enhance extension programs, support the field expertise of the respondents, and focus on training personnel and dividing roles and responsibilities. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5411.html ObjectiveChlorella vulgaris is a microalga that is a promising candidate for solving many problems due to its ease of cultivation, rapid growth, absorption of carbon dioxide, and production of oxygen during its growth, as well as its production of many primary and secondary compound. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different concentrations of biocarbon, days variation of harvesting cells, and their interaction in Chlorella vulgaris. Also, it aimed to estimate the rate of protein, lipid, carbohydrate, and phenolic acid. Materials and methodsIn this study, the experiment was conducted in the plant tissue culture laboratory of Diyala University under sterile conditions. Algae were grown in BG11 medium at a temperature of about 25°C with a photoperiod of 16.8 hours. Biocarbon was added to the medium at concentrations of 300, 600, and 900 mg/L. Samples were collected on days 7, 14, and 21. Then, the amount of protein was measured by the Kjeldahl method, fat by the Soxhlet apparatus, carbohydrate by the phenol-sulfuric acid method, and flavonoid compounds by HPLC. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications, and the data were analyzed with SPSS software at a significance level of 0.05.ResultsIt was observed that there was a direct correlation with increasing biocarbon concentration added to the culture medium; the highest values reached 61.666, 9.155, and 18.362 mg/L, respectively at a concentration of 900 ppm. Considering the time of cell harvesting, the highest values were found after 14 days from adding biocarbon to the culture medium. They reached 60.025, 8.540, and 17.741 mg/L for protein, lipid, and carbohydrate, respectively. According to the results of the phenolic acids, namely Rutin, Caffeic Acid, Luteolin, and Syringic Acid, the highest values reached at a concentration of 900 ppm in all these compounds. These values were 110.255, 78.644, 88.722, and 69.277 mg/L, respectively.ConclusionThe results of this study showed that adding biocarbon to the culture medium increased the amount of protein, fat, carbohydrates, and phenolic compounds in Chlorella vulgaris algae. The highest amount of these compounds was observed at a concentration of 900 mg/L and at a harvest time of 14 days. Therefore, biocarbon can improve the growth and production of beneficial compounds in this alga. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5412.html ObjectiveThe seeds of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) have a variety of polyphenolic compounds, which include flavonoids, phenolic acids, depsides and catechins. They are rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds and contain bioactive compounds; therefore, they are allowed as ingredients in food, dietary supplements, and cosmetic products. Moreover, nanoparticles are emerging as innovative elicitors in agriculture and plant biotechnology. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe₂O₃ NPs) as nano-elicitors for enhancing the biosynthesis of bioactive phenolic compounds found in callus cultures derived from Salvia hispanica L. (chia). Materials and methodsCallus cultures were produced from shoot explants on Murashige and Skoog (MS) growth medium supplemented with 1 mg/L BA and 1 mg/L IAA. The cultures were subjected to various concentrations of Fe₂O₃ NPs (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 mg/L) and subsequently analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine the profile of the phenolic compounds. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Duncan's multiple range test at p ≤ 0.05.Results Strong concentration-dependent modulation of the phenolic profile was observed, with six phenolic acids (protocatechuic, ferulic, vanillic, syringic, chlorogenic, and p-coumaric) exhibiting maximum accumulation at the lowest dosage of 5 mg/L (increased by 282%) and the rosmarinic acid accumulating progressively with a peak level at 25 mg/L (increased by 123%). Gallic acid peaked at 15 mg/L, while rosmarinic acid increased progressively, reaching 1771 µg/mL (123% higher than control) at 25 mg/L. Treatment with Fe₂O₃ NPs enhanced phenolic acid production in callus cultures. The 5 mg/L concentration led to the highest overall accumulation of phenolic acids, whereas higher concentrations preferentially stimulated the biosynthesis of specific compounds, including gallic acid and rosmarinic acid.ConclusionResults show that Fe₂O₃ NPs can act as potent, low-cost elicitors that selectively increase the biosynthesis of value-added phenolics in the callus cultures of chia for use as nutraceuticals. This study provides a basis for further optimization and scale-up of nanoparticle-mediated elicitation to enhance the production of bioactive metabolites in plant cell culture systems. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5414.html ObjectiveAlgae have the ability to grow rapidly, utilize light energy and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and produce a greater amount of biomass per hectare compared to vascular plants. The bioactive compounds have antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiviral properties, as well as the prevention of stomach ulcers, constipation, anemia, diabetes, and hypertension. The aim of this study was to compare the proximate composition, GC-MS volatile profile, amino acid composition, and selected functional properties (water- and oil-holding capacities) of S. major and S. platensis collected from Basrah, Iraq. Materials and methodsThis study was conducted on two types of algae, Spirulina paltensis and Spirulina major, collected from water bodies in the Karma Ali area of Basra Governorate, southern Iraq. Preliminary analyses of the algal extracts were performed, including the analysis of proteins, carbohydrates, phenols, flavonoids, and glycosides, as well as their chemical composition. ResultsThe protein content in S. major was 55.6%, and in S. paltensis, it was 53.11%. The content of bioactive compounds was determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 39 bioactive compounds were identified in both algae. The highest concentration in Spirulina major was 32, represented by hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester, followed by 13, represented by hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester. The bioactive compounds in Spirulina paltensis were not specified. The alga S. paltensis showed that the highest concentration was at peak 34, represented by the compound Hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester, followed by peak 13, represented by the compound Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester. The amino acid profile of the two algae was also studied, identifying 13 amino acids in both species. Serine was the most abundant, reaching concentrations of 52.1 µg/gm and 62.4 µg/gm in S. major and S. paltensis. ConclusionRegarding functional properties such as water-holding capacity and lipid binding, S. major exhibited superiority over S.paltensis. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5413.html ObjectiveAcute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a condition of synchronized biological reprogramming characterized by calcium dysregulation, inflammatory activation, and compromised vascular repair. S100A1 is a Ca²⁺-binding protein abundant in cardiomyocytes that is crucial for excitation-contraction coupling and mitochondrial energetics, thus potentially indicating cardiac functional stability beyond necrotic damage. The aim of this study was to assess S100A1 protein and its mRNA expression, as well as their correlation with inflammatory and vascular mediators in patients with AMI. Materials and methodsThis case-control study (n = 176) assessed circulating S100A1 protein and gene expression in conjunction with TNF-α and VEGF-A levels. Venous blood samples (5 mL) were obtained from patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) within 12 hours of symptoms onset and from control participants at the time of enrolment. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was conducted with SYBR Green dye and the Stratagene Mx3005P platform. Statistical analyses were conducted utilizing SPSS (IBM v25.0) and GraphPad Prism (v9.0). ResultsPatients with acute myocardial infarction showed a marked decrease in S100A1 protein levels, both at the protein level and at the transcriptional level, compared to healthy patients. This decrease was concurrent with a decrease in VEGF-A levels and an increase in TNF-α levels. TNF-α and VEGF-A were shown to be significantly positively correlated (r = 0.396, p = 0.013; *p < 0.05). The expression of S100A1 showed no discernible linear correlation with inflammatory mediators, indicating that the calcium-energetic axis is rather independent. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed a significant downregulation of S100A1 mRNA expression in patients with (AMI) compared with healthy controls. The mean ΔCt difference was approximately 2.1 cycles (95% CI: 1.95-2.25), indicating an estimated 4.3-fold decrease in S100A1 protein mRNA expression in acute myocardial infarction.Conclusion Thus, these results support the inclusion of S100A1 in multi-marker frameworks to enhance risk classification in acute myocardial infarction and highlight its significance as a mechanistic biomarker for compromised cardiac function. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5415.html ObjectiveInsulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP) plays a crucial role in the growth and development of chicken embryos and during the post-hatching stage. The aim of this study was to investigate IGFBP-2 gene polymorphisms and their effects on some productive and physiological traits of local Iraqi chicken.Materials and methodsThis study was conducted at the poultry farm of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad. One hundred local chickens before sexual maturity were used in this study. Blood samples were collected from the wing vein to extract DNA and molecular analysis and PCR amplification. Blood serum was also collected to measure biochemical parameters including total protein, glucose, lipid profile, albumin, and globulin concentrations. Production traits were recorded from the first egg production for a period of 100 days, which was divided into seven periods. These traits included number of eggs produced, mean egg weight, egg mass, age and body weight at sexual maturity, and mean feed consumption. The qualitative characteristics of the egg were also measured. PCR was performed to amplify a 386 bp fragment of the IGFBP-2 gene. The amplified fragments were then sequenced using the Sanger method. Results Three genotypes wild (TT), heterozygous (TC), and mutant (CC) were obtained, with two alleles T and C. The CC genotype showed a significantly higher frequency (p≤0.01) compared with TC and TT genotypes (59%, 30%, and 11%, respectively). Genotype had a significant effect (p≤0.05) on the number of eggs produced only in the third week. The TT had the superiority over CC (47.09 and 44.09) respectively. A significant effect (p≤0.05) was observed for eggshell weight, where the TC genotype was superior to CC (7.14 vs. 6.63 g). For yolk height, TT and TC genotypes showed significantly higher values than CC (19.09, 19.00, and 17.77 mm, respectively). For albumen height, the TT genotype showed a significant increase compared with CC (7.38 vs. 6.49 mm). A significant effect (p≤0.05) was also observed on serum albumin concentration, and the CC genotype showed a significantly higher value than TC (2.51 and 2.34 g/dL, respectively). No other significant effect was observed on blood serum biochemical characteristics.ConclusionOur results show that polymorphism in the IGFBP-2 gene can probably influence some production and egg quality traits in local Iraqi chickens. So, it can be considered as potential genetic marker for selection programs. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5416.html ObjectivePhysical agents especially the ultraviolet radiation have become a viable option in the control of insect pests. It has been found to have negative impacts on insects, causing direct DNA damage such as the formation of pyrimidine dimers, and provoking oxidative stress and subsequent dysfunction, reduced survival and cell death. The aim of this study was to estimate the effect of the ultraviolet radiation in the control of the poplar bug and also assess its efficacy as an alternative or supplement to conventional pesticides.Materials and methods In this study, adult M. buccata insects were collected from poplar leaves. After that, they were stored in sterile glass bottles and then transferred to the entomology laboratory of the University of Mosul. The toxicity of Finch insecticide at three concentrations (25, 50 and 100%) was investigated by leaf immersion method and placing 10 insects per Petri dish. The effect of ultraviolet radiation with a wavelength of 254 nm was also evaluated at different times. Finally, the synergistic effect of ultraviolet radiation and insecticide on insect mortality was also measured.ResultsInsect mortality increased with increasing insecticide concentration with the mortality rate increasing with the 25% concentration up to 100% concentration to 55.5 and 95.5 % respectively. The exposure times to UV have an important effect on the rising mortality. The mortality rate was 48% at an exposure time of five minutes to 100 at the exposure time of 20 minutes. This shows the enhancing effect of UV radiation in the toxicity of the insect. In addition, the synergistic effect of the UV radiation versus the chemical insecticide Fentanol in 100 % concentration exhibited a complete synergy as the adult insects’ poplar bugs were found to be completely dead at 15 minutes and 20 minutes of exposure. All these findings demonstrate that treatment by physical agents like UV radiation in combination with chemical agents enhances the control efficacy, reduces the dosage of pesticides required. ConclusionIt can be concluded that the use of Finch pesticide, especially when combined with ultraviolet radiation, represents a promising option within integrated pest management programs and has a great potential in decreasing the density of the adult insects (poplar bug) Monosteira buccata. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5417.html ObjectiveBee pollen is an essential source of nutrition for honeybees. In addition, bee pollen has biological properties such as antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, immune modulator, antitumor, anti-aging, anti-anemia and anti-osteoporosis. This study was conducted to identify the diversity of flavor compounds in bee pollen and their effect in attracting worker honeybees within the colony. Materials and methodsThree types of bee pollen were collected from honeybee colonies during different seasons using pollen traps installed at the hive entrances. The extraction of flavor compounds from bee pollen grains was carried out. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was performed on a fused silica capillary column with specifications. The completely randomized design (CRD) was used for data analysis.ResultsThe results showed a diversity in flavor compounds in the three types of bee pollen and a difference in the proportions of their components. Type A of bee pollen was unique in that it contained its own flavor compounds that were not available in the other two types, B and C, and vice versa. Several compounds were detected at similar retention times in the three pollen types, while these compounds differed in their proportions according to the type of bee pollen grain. Among the most important compounds that appeared in the three types of bee pollen grains were 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z), n-hexadecanoic acid, 4H-pyran-4-one, γ-sitosterol, linolenic acid derivatives, and campesterol. In addition to similar compounds that appeared in small proportions. Regarding the effect of flavor compounds in attracting worker honeybees while feeding on them, the results of the statistical analysis (P≤0.05) showed no significant differences between the averages for the three types of bee pollen. ConclusionOur results highlight the importance and utility of pollen flavors in bee nutrition and behavior. The more we understand about the chemical composition of bee pollen and its role in honey bee attraction, the better we can help improve artificial diets and pollen substitutes used in beekeeping practices. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5425.html ObjectiveOne of the primary lymphoid organs is the thymus, which is of great importance during prenatal and early life. It is responsible for the growth, maturation, and selection of thymocytes and plays a role in the development of T-cell functional competence and central immune tolerance, which is closely related to its specialized histological architecture. This study investigates the prenatal morphological and histological development of the thymus gland in local Awassi sheep with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Materials and methodsThirty thymus specimens were collected from healthy pregnant ewes at different stages of gestation. Fetal age was determined using the fetal crown rump length (CRL) equation and the specimens were classified into three groups: Group 1: 50–55 days, Group 2: 90–100 days, and Group 3: 130–140 days. scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the thymic surface at multiple magnifications. Data analysis of histological and morphological parameters was performed using the Statistical Package for the social sciences (SPSS).ResultsIn Group 1, thymus was small, underdeveloped organ with soft lobes and thin capsule without connection between cervical and thoracic part. Scanning electron microscopy and histologically revealed an immature surface structure, irregular thymic cells, an unclear connection between the cortex and the medulla, reflecting early thymic differentiation. While in Group 2, the thymus showed an increase in size and improved lobular organization to revealed a more clearly defined cortical-membrane boundary, the growth of tissue bundles extending from the capsule to the viscera, and a higher density of cortical thymus cells. The medullary region also showed reticular epithelial cells, indicating progressive structural maturation. In group 3, thymus was well-developed with prominent lobes separated by connective tissue septa. Histological and Scanning observations revealed highly organized visceral tissue, a clear cortical-membrane boundary, extensive reticular epithelial cells, and fully formed Hassall’s corpuscles within the medulla, demonstrating advanced prenatal microstructural maturation. ConclusionThese findings highlight the progressive prenatal maturation of the thymus and underscore its pivotal role in immune system development. Deviations from these normal microstructural patterns may indicate pathological or immunological disorders. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5432.html ObjectiveGustatory lingual papillae play a crucial role in taste perception and oral function in mammals. Their postnatal development is associated with structural and functional maturation of the tongue. However, detailed information regarding the morphological, histological, and ultrastructural development of fungiform and circumvallate papillae in Iraqi local sheep at different postnatal stages remains limited. This study aimed to investigate the postnatal morphological, histological, and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) developmental changes of fungiform and circumvallate gustatory papillae in the tongue of Iraqi local sheep (Ovis aries).Materials and methodsTwenty tongue samples were collected from Iraqi local sheep obtained from Najaf and Babylon province abattoirs. The samples were divided into two groups according to dentition and age: Group I included lambs aged two months, and Group II included adult sheep aged eight months. Gross morphological examination, routine histological techniques, and scanning electron microscopy were employed to evaluate the developmental features of fungiform and circumvallate papillae and associated lingual glands.ResultsIn two-month-old lambs, fungiform papillae appeared immature, flat-shaped, and sparsely distributed among the filiform papillae on the dorsal surface of the tongue, while circumvallate papillae were small to moderate in size and arranged in a double irregular row. At eight months of age, fungiform papillae exhibited marked maturation, appearing as large, flat-topped, mushroom-shaped projections. Circumvallate papillae became relatively larger, well-defined, flattened structures surrounded by prominent circular grooves and were located dorsolaterally on the torus linguae just rostral to the root of the tongue. Histologically, well-developed gustatory papillae were observed at both ages, with fungiform papillae scattered between filiform papillae on the apex and body of the tongue, whereas circumvallate papillae showed variable shapes and sizes according to developmental stage. Two types of lingual glands were identified: von Ebner’s serous glands closely associated with circumvallate papillae, and Weber’s mucous or mixed glands located deep within the muscular tissue at the root of the tongue.ConclusionThe gustatory papillae of Iraqi local sheep undergo marked morphological, histological, and ultrastructural maturation during postnatal development. Age-related changes significantly influence the size, shape, organization, and glandular associations of fungiform and circumvallate papillae, reflecting their functional adaptation with growth. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5437.html ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of adding natural and industrial soil conditioners on the effectiveness of microorganisms and the thickness of the biological crust.Materials and methodsIn the field experiment, a section of the soil surface was cut to a depth of 15 cm Measurements were taken in the middle and end of the experiment. The experiment included two factors. The first factor was conditioner factor in seven treatments. The second factor was the rainfall moisture treatment, included four treatments.ResultsSoil conditioner treatments significantly increased soil respiration compared to the control. Lubricating oil treatment (O3) and vertisol soil treatment (C3) showed the highest CO2 release. The release rates for them were 29.13 and 27.03 mg CO2/kg soil, respectively. Among the rainfall moisture treatments, R1 showed the highest respiration rate (26.24 mg CO2/kg soil). While the lowest value was observed in R3 (19.79 mg CO2/kg soil). Soil amendments also significantly increased the biological crust thickness compared to the control group (C0). Among them, the O3 treatment showed the highest crust thickness in the middle and end of the experiment (4.66 and 4.81 cm, respectively). After that, the C3 treatment recorded the highest thickness (3.15 and 3.24 cm). It should be noted that the control treatment (C0) recorded the lowest values (1.36 and 1.40 cm). The highest recorded value for crust thickness, in terms of rainfall moisture, was related to treatment R1 and showed a significant difference with treatments R2, R3 and R4. ConclusionUsing soil conditioners, particularly lubricating oil and Vertisol, significantly increased microbial activity and biological crust development. In addition, higher moisture levels improved soil respiration and crust formation. The results of this study showed that soil amendments and moisture management are of great importance in improving the biological properties of soil and should be considered. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5440.html ObjectiveBasil (Ocimum basilicum L. ) is a widespread annual plant cultivated in various parts of the world. Water stress is one of the most significant environmental challenges facing plants, including basil, in their growth and development. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of lemon juice in mitigating the harmful effects of water stress on basil.Materials and methodsThis study was conducted during the autumn season of 2025 in a private nursery in Najaf, Iraq. Seeds were sown on 27/10/2025 in plastic containers in a two-factors factorial experiment. The first factor was water stress, with plants being irrigated (once, twice, and three times a week). The second factor was lemon juice at four concentrations (0, 2, 4, and 6 mL/L). Morphological and physiological parameters were calculated. Relative water content, chlorophyll content, proline and enzymatic antioxidants, proline concentration, peroxidase estimation, catalase enzyme activity, ascorbic acid, total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoids content were estimated. The results were analyzed using Genstat 2012 according to the ANOVA method.ResultsThe results of the study indicated the negative effect of reducing irrigation intervals on basil plant growth indicators such as plant height, stem diameter, leaf area and some physiological characteristics such as relative water content, chlorophyll, and shoot fresh weight, with an increase in the leaf content of proline and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. The experiment also showed the effect of lemon juice concentrations as a biostimulant that improves the growth indicators under study, enhances enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, and reduces the harmful effects of water stress.ConclusionThe results of this study showed that water stress can reduce the vegetative growth of basil, but it can increase the defense compounds (proline, enzymes and antioxidants). Irrigation three times a week showed the best growth performance. While, less irrigation enhanced the stress responses. Foliar spraying of lemon juice, especially at concentrations of 2 to 6 ml/l, improved growth and physiological traits and increased stress tolerance. Overall, it can be concluded that the use of lemon juice can be an effective strategy to reduce the negative effects of water stress in basil. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5444.html ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the detection of theileriosis caused by Theileria annulata in cattle applying microscopic and molecular methods. The other goal of the study was to evaluate the effects of geographical region, age, and sex on infection rates. Materials and methodsIn this study, 300 bovine blood samples were collected from different areas of Babil province, Iraq. The study was conducted between September 2025 and March 2026. Giemsa-stained blood smears were prepared for 200 samples for microscopic examination. 100 samples were analyzed by PCR to target the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of T. annulata. Chi-square test was used in SPSS version 27 for statistical analysis. ResultsThe results showed that 66 (33%) of 200 bovine blood samples examined microscopically were positive for Theileria annulata. In the PCR method, 54 (54%) of 100 samples that studied the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene were positive. This could indicate a higher sensitivity of PCR than the microscopic method. The prevalence of infection was 53.3% in women and 55% in men, which was not significant. Also, the age of the individuals did not report a significant difference in the infection rate (χ² = 0.34, p = 0.84). However, the geographical regions showed a significant difference. So that the highest infection rate was related to Al-Shumali (73.9%) and the lowest rate was related to Al-Qasim (35%) (χ² = 8.922, p < 0.01). These results indicate that there is a significant relationship between the region and the infection rate. Phylogenetic analysis of ten T. annulata isolates (PX849363–PX849372) confirmed their genetic relationship with reference strains available in GenBank. ConclusionPCR-based molecular detection demonstrated higher sensitivity than microscopy for identifying T. annulata infection in subclinical infections that may contribute to parasite transmission within herds. These findings highlight the need for integrated control strategies, including regular tick management, molecular surveillance, and improved animal husbandry, to decrease the impact of bovine theileriosis and enhance cattle health and productivity in endemic areas. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5447.html ObjectiveThe emergence of Klebsiella aerogenes as a possible pathogen has been linked with both gastrointestinal and systemic infections in animals and human beings. Antimicrobial resistance among strains of Klebsiella species has increased. Thus, there is a need for seeking alternative sources of immunomodulating substances. Hence, the objective of this study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory and prophylactic effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice extract) on mouse models of Klebsiella aerogenes infection.Materials and methodsSamples were obtained from diarrhea cases of 50 cats for culturing and identification of K. aerogenes. These bacteria were then used in experimentally infecting 48 mice of the Swiss albino strain. A total of six groups of eight mice each were included. Three groups were given oral licorice extract at various doses of 50, 150, and 250 mg/mL. Two control groups comprising of negative controls (oral administration of PBS) and positive control. An additional group was only provided with extract but not infected. Licorice extract was administered twice weekly for 21 days followed by injection with Klebsiella aerogenes bacteria at 1.5 × 10⁸ CFU/mL.ResultsInfected untreated mice had significant increases in inflammatory and hematological indices compared to negative control mice (P ≤ 0.05). A significant rise in white blood cells' count occurred in infected mice, whose mean value amounted to 12.8 ± 1.4 ×10³/µL. While those in control group were lower at 6.2 ± 0.9 ×10³/µL. Moreover, IL-6 levels in infected mice significantly increased to 85.6 ± 5.3 pg/mL versus 28.4 ± 3.1 pg/mL in controls. Infected untreated mice experienced severe inflammatory and degenerative histopathological lesions. On the other hand, infected but licorice-treated mice exhibited reduced inflammation, IL-6 levels, improvements in hematological indices, and lesser degree of tissue damage. The lowest dose (50 mg/mL) was shown to produce maximum protective effect, implying that there is no clear relationship between the concentration of licorice and its biological impact on experimental mice.ConclusionGlycyrrhiza glabra extract produced certain anti-inflammatory and protective effects against infection caused by Klebsiella aerogenes in mice. Licorice extracts decreased inflammation and improved pathological alterations observed in infected animals. Glycyrrhiza glabra may be regarded as an interesting candidate for development as a natural immunomodulator; nonetheless, more research needs to be done. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5450.html ObjectiveIn this study, isolation and identification of members of the Enterobacter cloacae complex (ECC) from domestic cats in Baghdad, Iraq, and determination of their susceptibility patterns to various antibiotics were conducted. This study also assessed the effect of Nelumbo nucifera (lotus) seed extract as an immunomodulator in an experimental animal model.Materials and MethodsSeventy five clinical specimens from domestic cats (feces, blood, and urine) were obtained. Preliminary isolation and identification were done based on morphological characteristics and fermentation pattern of ECC strains to lactose in select media. Confirmatory test included automatic system analysis using VITEK 2 Compact System and identification through PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene (1250 bp). Antibiotic susceptibility was determined according to guidelines. GC-MS analysis was done for ethanolic extract of N. nucifera seed. Immunomodulatory activity of lotus seed extract was tested using rabbits as the experimental animal through determination of hematological parameters and levels of interleukins IL-1β and IL-8 using ELISA.ResultsThe isolation rate of ECC was 2.7% among all cultures collected, with a higher prevalence in the feces (5.7%) than in blood and urine. Susceptibility testing showed high sensitivity to carbapenems, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones, with partial resistance to β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations. In the GC-MS analysis of the lotus seed extract, linoleic acid was found to be the main active constituent. After administration of the extract in vivo at a preventive dose (200 mg/mL), there were remarkable decreases in leukocytosis and granulocytosis, as well as increases in the lymphocyte count. Moreover, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-8 were significantly reduced according to the ELISA results.ConclusionsBased on the results, domestic cats within the study population in Baghdad might constitute a limited source of ECC. The ethanolic extract of N. nucifera seeds exhibits promising immunomodulatory properties through the regulation of inflammatory responses and promoting immune balance. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5453.html ObjectiveSpleen plays an important role in the hemopoietic function in embryonic life. During the hepatic growth stage, spleen produces blood cells along with liver while in myeloid stage, it produces the blood cells along with liver and bone marrow. Destruction of older erythrocytes, lymphocytes and thrombocytes take place in spleen. The aim of this study was to investigate the prenatal morphological and histological development of the spleen in local Awassi sheep used light and scanning electron microscopy. Materials and methodsThirty spleen specimens were collected from healthy pregnant Awassi ewes at different stages of gestation. Fetal age was determined using the fetal crown rump length (CRL) equation and the specimens were classified into three groups: Group 1: 50–60 days, Group 2: 90–100 days, and Group 3: 130–140 days. For scanning electron examination, small spleen blocks (~1 mm³) were fixed. SEM was used to observe the splenic surface at multiple magnifications. Data analysis of histological and morphological parameters was performed using SPSS version 24. Results In group 1, spleen a tiny reddish bloody patch then appeared reddish in color more cohesive while, by scanning electron microscopy and histologically revealed an immature surface structure with incomplete development of the cortex and the trabeculae were undeveloped yet reflecting early splenic differentiation. In group 2, the spleen showed an increase in size and the trabecula extend from capsule to parenchyma, clear differentiation of white pulp and red pulp, indicating progressive structural maturation. In group3, spleen was more development with advancement of gestation and become relatively similar to that in postnatal periods and consist of the splenic capsule, trabeculae, red pulp, white pulp with present of cellular components and increased in trabecular network by light and scanning microscope examination. Conclusion These findings highlight the progressive prenatal maturation of the spleen and underscore its pivotal role in immune system development. Deviations from these normal microstructural patterns may indicate pathological or immunological disorders. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5454.html ObjectiveAcute myocardial infarction (AMI) is characterized by complex molecular interactions involving disruption of cardiomyocyte calcium homeostasis, activation of innate immune pathways and impaired angiogenic signaling. However, the integrated relationship between the cardiomyocyte-specific S100A1 protein and the inflammatory S100 A8/A9 complex remains incompletely understood. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the protein and gene expression profiles of S100A1 and S100A8/A9 and their association with inflammatory (TNF-α) and angiogenic (VEGF-A) biomarkers in AMI. Materials and methodsThis case-control study included 176 participants (88 AMI patients and 88 age and sex matched controls). Participants were recruited from AL-Hilla Teaching Hospital and Marjan Medical City. Circulating levels of S100A1, S100A8/A9, TNF-α and VEGF-A were measured using ELISA, while serum calcium was quantified with spectrophotometry. Gene expression levels of S100A1, S100A8 and S100A9 were determined by qRT-PCR using 2^−ΔΔCt method. Apply receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to assess diagnostic performance. ResultsSignificant multi-axis dysregulation was observed in AMI patients. S100A1 mRNA expression was markedly reduced (p<0.0001), accompanied by decreased circulating S100A1 protein (AUC = 0.69Y, specificity = 100%). In contrast, inflammatory markers were elevated with S100A8/A9 demonstrating acceptable diagnostic performance (AUC=0.76), while TNF-α showed no discriminative value (AUC=0.50). Serum calcium exhibited strong diagnostic accuracy (AUC=0.82), indicating early disruption of calcium homeostasis. Angiogenic impairment was reflected by reduced VEGF-A levels but with limited diagnostic utility (AUC = 0.54). Gene expression analysis further confirmed significant upregulation of S100A8 (p=0.030) and S100A9 (p=0.044). No significant correlation was observed between S100A1 and inflammatory markers (p>0.05), whereas S100A8 and S100A9 expression showed a strong positive association, indicating coordinated inflammatory activation. ConclusionThese findings show that calcium control linked to S100A1, immune responses from S100A8/A9 and issues with blood vessel formation related to VEGF-A are all connected. The superior diagnostic capability of S100A1 suggests that markers reflecting calcium management in cardiac cells may enhance the identification of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and provide greater insight than conventional inflammatory indicators. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5459.html ObjectiveThe Jujube Blue butterfly, Tarucus theophrastus, is one of the significant insect pests affecting Ziziphus trees in tropical regions. Traditional identification of these insects has relied on morphological description, focusing on wing spot patterns and genital structures to distinguish species. The current work sought to perform an accurate genetic diagnosis of this species in Misan Province since the phenomena of cryptic species poses difficulties for standard morphological identification. Materials and methodsSamples of the Jujube Blue butterfly were collected from Ziziphus spp, trees distributed across Al-Kahla district, Al-Maimouna district, and the Al-Tabar area in Maysan Province, southern Iraq. The Global Positioning System (GPS) was used to determine the geographic locations for three different areas in Maysan Province in order to spatially document the study's collection stations and guarantee the accuracy of returning to them in the future. The methodology included DNA extraction and amplification of the Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) gene using universal primers (LCO1490 and HCO2198), where gel electrophoresis revealed clear genetic bands at a molecular size of 700 bp.ResultsThe Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) products' gel electrophoresis showed distinct genetic bands for the Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) gene at the anticipated molecular size of around 700 bp. The results of the genetic sequence analysis and their alignment in the global GenBank revealed a 100% genetic identity with the reference sample (ON436886.1). The local samples were officially registered in the DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) under accession numbers LC913553, LC913554, and LC913555. Furthermore, the phylogenetic tree designed using the Maximum Likelihood method implemented in MEGA11 software showed complete genetic proximity between the study samples and the documented global strains. ConclusionsThis study is significant because to the best of our knowledge, this is among the first molecular studies of this species in Misan Province. It also adds new strains to the national genetic database, which helps to improve integrated control programs and comprehend the genetic variation of the insect in Iraq. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5463.html ObjectiveRegulatory pathways involved in antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus are complex and involve multiple genetic systems, including the vraSR stress-response pathway and the icaADBC operon. Understanding the transcriptional response of these genes under vancomycin exposure may provide insight into mechanisms associated with persistence and treatment failure. The study examined how clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates react to vancomycin. The research also focused on antibiotic susceptibility and the activity of genes linked to biofilm growth (icaA, icaB, icaC, and icaD) and resistance (vra). Materials and methodsClinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were obtained from burn and wound specimens and confirmed by standard microbiological techniques. Vancomycin susceptibility was preliminarily evaluated using the agar well diffusion method. Total RNA was extracted from S. aureus cultures. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was carried out using SYBR Green to perform expression analysis to track changes in the bacteria after exposure to the antibiotic.ResultsTesting showed that isolates responded differently to the drug. Several samples had very small or non-existent inhibition zones. These findings may indicate reduced susceptibility to vancomycin; however, confirmation using MIC-based assays is required. The qRT-PCR results showed that the icaADBC operon became more active after treatment. This change was most obvious in isolate 2. The data indicates that exposure to antibiotics might help the bacteria build stronger biofilms. This response is likely to help the bacteria survive and leads to treatment failure. The vra gene also showed strong activity across several isolates. This supports its role in managing cell wall stress. The hpr gene became more active too. This result suggests the gene might not stay stable enough to work as an internal control in these conditions. ConclusionsThe results show a clear connection between drug resistance and biofilm growth in S. aureus. Relying only on vancomycin for MRSA treatment has major drawbacks. Alternative therapeutic strategies targeting biofilm formation and cell wall stress-response pathways may improve treatment outcomes in persistent MRSA infections. These approaches could target the genes that control biofilm production. Another option is to find ways to block the vraSR system. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5464.html ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to assess how ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation added to the lighting program impacted productive performance during the rearing stage, laying performance, egg quality properties, and eggshell microbial properties in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Materials and methodsOne hundred and eighty-one-day-old quail chicks were randomly allocated to four experimental treatments with three replications in each treatment and 15 birds in each replication. The control group of birds was only exposed to a basal LED lighting program. The other three groups received supplemental narrowband UVB (305-315 nm) for 60, 90, or 120 minutes per day. Philips TL 20W/01 RS lamps mounted 40 cm above the birds were used. The UVB irradiance at bird level was maintained at 25 ± 2 μW/cm² using a calibrated UV radiometer, and the cumulative daily UVB exposure dose differed according to treatment duration. Growth performance characteristics were measured at the rearing stage and the female quails were later measured for the age of first egg, hen day egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed ratio, and livability. To identify external and internal egg quality traits, representative samples of eggs were taken to identify shape index, shell weight, shell percentage, shell thickness, yolk index, albumen index, and Haugh unit traits. Microbiological procedures were done by swabs to determine Eggshell microbial contamination. ResultsThe findings showed that productive performance, laying efficiency, shell quality, and eggshell hygienic status were better with UVB supplementation than with the control treatment, where the response was most favorable in birds exposed to UVB treatment at 90 min/day. The final body weight, hen-day egg production, egg mass, shell thickness, shell percentage, albumen index, and Haugh unit in the quails in 90 min/day treatment were higher. While, eggshell microbial counts were lower, and the feed conversion ratio was better. ConclusionThe results imply that moderate UVB exposure could be an effective management strategy to enhance production efficiency and eggshell hygienic quality among indoor Japanese quail systems. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5465.html ObjectiveClimate change is a serious threat to global agriculture, especially in areas where crop productivity is closely linked to environmental factors such as rainfall and temperature. Although the risk associated with climate change is well recognized, limited empirical research has discovered the effect domestically in rural, agricultural -free fields. This study examines the effect of climate change on domestic food security, identifies large climate voltages and examines socio -economic factors that form adapted reactions from farmers. Materials and methodsThree decades of climate data (1980–2024) were analyzed to assess temperature and rainfall. A total of 190 Smallholder farmers were selected through simple random samples, and data was collected using structured interviews and focus group discussions to include both quantitative and qualitative insight. Descriptive statistics and analysis of binary logistic region was used to evaluate the relationship between domestic characteristics and food security status. Results The findings indicate that irregular rainfall patterns, growing temperatures, multiplied soil erosion, and an upward push in pest and disease outbreaks have adversely affected agricultural productiveness inside the have a look at location. Based on caloric consumption thresholds, 61.5% of the surveyed families had been categorized as food insecure. Statistical evaluation discovered that age, own family size, cultivated land vicinity, and precipitation stages were extensive predictors (p < 0.04) of family food security. Notably, 68.9% of the farmers mentioned enforcing adaptive strategies, consisting of crop diversification, adoption of stepped forward crop sorts, livestock rearing, and engagement in alternative profits-producing activities. These adaptive responses reflect developing cognizance and resilience at the network level. ConclusionsThe take a look at emphasizes the significance of enhancing get admission to climate information, strengthening women's involvement in agricultural livelihoods, and enhancing institutional aid for model techniques. Promoting weather-smart agricultural practices and sustainable land management could be critical in addressing the food security challenges associated with ongoing climatic adjustments. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of climate change on domestic food security in agricultural societies and identify socio -economic and adaptation factors affecting the flexibility of small farmers. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5467.html ObjectiveThis study aimed to develop and evaluate a hybrid tissue culture method, called Somatic Embryogenesis-Micropropagation-Controlled Bioreactor Culture (SE-Mp-CBc), for producing disease-resistant marine algae. And enhance algae regeneration efficiency and marine microbial resistance for food industry-orient applications.Materials and methodsTo develop the SE-Mp-CBc system, marine algal explants were collected and cultured in nutrient-optimized media containing selective plant growth regulators and elicitors. The explants were sterilized and subjected to somatic embryogenesis and micropropagation processes under a sterile environment. To maintain the optimization, the pH, temperature, aeration, and nutrient flow were controlled and managed by the bioreactor system. The experiment was designed to improve and assess the regeneration process and relative resistance score (RS) to marine pathogens. The physical and molecular changes, like morphological changes, biomass yield, and disease resistance in the marine algae, were measured and analysed by the ANOVA statistical tool.ResultsIn the algae regeneration, the SE-Mp-CBc showed a major improvement compared to the traditional methods. The regeneration process was successful by enhancing callus induction, shoot development, and tissue survival with the hybrid system. Regeneration efficiency improved across multiple strains, showing a clear advantage of the controlled bioreactor environment. Pathogen resistance also increased notably, with SE-Mp-CBc-grown algae showing a 35% decrease in infection severity and a 25% increase in biomass yield over conventionally grown samples. Disease resistance analysis confirmed more stable and elevated immune responses in bioreactor-cultured strains. ConclusionsThis hybrid tissue culture method gives a flexible, and efficient solution for marine algae cultivation. By merging somatic embryogenesis and micropropagation with bioreactor technology. The challenges like low generation rates, contamination risks and the limited disease resistance were faced by the conventional methods were overcome by the The SE-Mp-CBc system. This method gives the uniform tissue development and low stress in the algae cells, it supporting sustainable large-scale algae production. It was weather independent, yearly round operation makes it unique for food processing, nutraceuticals, and biodegradable packaging industries. Furthermore, research and development was needed for diver’s algal species and economical improvement, but the approach provides a strong foundation for transforming marine biotechnology and securing algae as a reliable industrial crop. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5472.html ObjectiveThe Old World screwworm fly (Chrysomya bezziana) is an obligate parasitic fly that causes myiasis in livestock and occasionally in humans. It causes obligate myiasis in livestock and can infest humans in some cases. The aim of the current study was to identify Chrysomya bezziana larvae collected from sheep and goats in Al-Muthanna Governorate, Iraq using molecular techniques for the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene and investigate the phylogenetic relationship between Iraqi isolates and global reference strains.Materials and methodsIn this study, A total of 100 larvae were collected from infected sheep and goats (n = 150 examined animals) from different regions of Al-Muthani Governorate, Iraq. Genomic DNA was extracted from the tissues of the collected larvae using a standard method. Species-specific primers were designed to study the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. PCR was used to amplify the 670 bp fragment expected for the designed primers. PCR products from selected positive samples were subjected to Sanger sequencing. Sequences were analyzed using BLAST (NCBI) and phylogenetic analysis was performed using MEGA11 software to determine their genetic relationships with global isolates.ResultsGenetic analysis showed that a 670-base-pair segment of the COI gene accurately identified the screwworm fly. Subsequent genetic analysis confirmed this identification by matching the DNA sequence with adult fly samples. The phylogenetic tree shows a degree of separation between Iraqi and global isolates. The Iraqi samples cluster together in their own specific cluster within the tree, while the global isolates are distributed in separate clusters. This indicates that the C. bezziana isolates from Iraq belong to the same species at the global level, but they exhibit slight genetic variation compared to some strains recorded in other countries.ConclusionAccording to the results obtained in this study, it can be concluded that the COI gene can be used as an effective molecular marker for the accurate identification of Chrysomya bezziana. The genetic similarity obtained between the Iraqi isolates in this study, although slightly different from global strains, could indicate the presence of regional genetic characteristics of this species in Iraq. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5487.html ObjectiveTarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.) is a perennial aromatic herb widely used both fresh (leaves) and dried as a culinary and medicinal herb. Its essential oil contains bioactive compounds with estragole identified as the major component in the oil profile. It also contains flavonoids, phenolic compound and carotenoids. Tarragon exhibits considerable medicinal potential, with essential oils and extracts showing strong antibacterial effects and a wide range of bioactivities. The current study aimed to know the effect of adding different concentrations of tarragon powder on some microbial and chemical properties of minced meat patties stored at 4°C. The study also evaluated the effect of tarragon powder on some physical properties, including cooking loss and cooking yield of beef patties. Materials and methodsDuring this study, different percentages of tarragon powder (1, 2, and 3%,) were added to the minced beef patties and stored at a temperature of 4°C. Control treatment was minced beef patties without any addition. Microbiological tests were conducted for ground meat patties after passing 0, 3, 6 and 9 days from cold storage at 4° C. Statistical analysis was performed using GenStat version 12.ResultsThe results of the study indicated that tarragon powder significantly reduces microbial growth and lipid oxidation in refrigerated beef patties during storage. After 9 days of storage, total bacterial counts decreased from 296 × 10⁶ CFU/g in the control to 75 × 10⁶ CFU/g in patties containing 3% tarragon powder. Similarly, TBA values decreased from 2.77 mg malondialdehyde/kg in the control treatment to 1.55 mg malondialdehyde/kg in the 3% tarragon treatment. Moreover, the results of the study indicated a significant increase in TBA values during storage, indicating increased lipid oxidation. In addition, increasing tarragon concentration significantly reduced cooking loss from 38.0% in the control to 17.93% in the 3% tarragon treatment, while cooking yield increased from 61.88% to 82.07%. ConclusionThe findings suggest that tarragon powder can be used as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent to improve the quality and extend the shelf life of beef patties during refrigerated storage. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5488.html ObjectiveRosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is a significant perennial aromatic and medicinal plant. It has economic, industrial, and medicinal value. This plant is widely used in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. The study was conducted to evaluate the impact of humic acid and seaweed extract on growth, yield, essential oil and active compound content of rosemary.Materials and methodsThe field trial was implemented during the crop season 2024-2025 at the research station of College of Education for Pure Science, Ibn Al-Haitham, University of Baghdad. The trial implemented as factorial arrangement according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Factor A: Humic acid (0, 1 and 2 mg/L). The second factor assessed was the concentration of seaweed extract (0, 1 and 2 mg/L). Results The addition of humic acid significantly affected most of the measured traits, as the treatment of 2 mg/L achieved the highest average in the number of branches, reaching 6.696 branch/plant, root length 28.06 cm, the percentage of volatile oil in the leaves 4.703 %, the plant yield of essential oil 297.3 mg, and the leaf content of the active compound 765.9 mg Cineole. Spraying with seaweed extract at a concentration of 2 mg/L significantly outperformed by achieving the highest significant average in most of the measured traits. As the treatment of 2 mg/L achieved the highest average in the number of branches, reaching 6.784 branch/plant, root length 27.13 cm, the percentage of volatile oil in the leaves 4.455 %, the plant yield of essential oil 289.8 mg, and the leaf content of the active compound 773.3 mg Cineole. The interaction effect between the two study factors was significant in most of the studied traits.ConclusionThe results of this study showed that the combined application of humic acid and seaweed extract (especially at a concentration of 2 mg/L) can significantly improve the vegetative growth, biomass production, essential oil percentage and 1,8-cineole content of rosemary plants. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of natural biostimulants can increase the productivity of rosemary and support sustainable agricultural practices. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5489.html Objective This study was conducted to investigate the protective role of luteolin in reducing paracetamol-induced nephrotoxicity through the evaluation of certain immunological and biochemical parameters in albino rats. Materials and methods A total of 32 adult male laboratory rats (three months and 145-165 g) were used in this study. The experiment was carried out in the animal house of the Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Al-Qadisiyah. The animals were randomly divided into four groups, with eight rats in each group. Animals in the control group were administered normal water throughout the experimental period (30 days). The first treatment group (T1), in which animals were injected with paracetamol at a dose of 470 mg/kg body weight. Animals in the second treatment group (T2) were administered luteolin at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight. The third treatment group (T3), in which animals were injected with paracetamol at a dose of 470 mg/kg body weight concurrently with luteolin at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight. Paracetamol and luteolin were administered once daily for 30 consecutive days. Results The results of the current study demonstrated a significant increase (P<0.05) in kidney function indicators (urea, creatinine, and uric acid), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and inflammatory markers (TNF-α and IL-6). These indicators accompanied by a significant decrease (P<0.05) in body weight gain and antioxidant parameters (GSH and CAT) in the T1 group compared with the control group. In contrast, no significant differences were observed in the T2 group compared with the control group. Meanwhile, the T3 group showed marked improvement, represented by a significant reduction (P<0.05) in kidney function indicators, MDA levels, and inflammatory markers (TNF-α and IL-6). These improvements were along with a significant increase (P<0.05) in body weight gain and antioxidant parameters (GSH and CAT) compared with the T1 group. Conclusion The results of this study showed that paracetamol administration caused significant nephrotoxicity. This damage was associated with impaired renal function, increased oxidative stress, and increased inflammatory markers in rats. Luteolin treatment significantly ameliorated these changes. It does this through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, leading to improved renal function indices and restoration of antioxidant defense mechanisms. Therefore, it can be concluded that luteolin may be a promising protective agent against paracetamol-induced renal injury. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5517.html ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial efficacy of greenly synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). These nanoparticles were prepared using eucalyptus and green tea extracts for wastewater treatment applications. Another aim was to compare the antibacterial performance of plant extracts alone with ZnO nanoparticles used at different concentrations to determine their practical potential for wastewater disinfection.Materials and MethodsPlant extracts were first evaluated as control treatments. aqueous extracts of Eucalyptus leaves and green tea as reducing and stabilizing agents were used to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles were applied to wastewater samples at two concentrations (0.5 g and 1 g per 100 mL). Controlled laboratory conditions were used to incubate treated samples before analysis. Antibacterial activity was assessed through total bacterial count reduction. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe surface morphology and structural damage of bacterial cells. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was performed to confirm nanoparticle formation and detect functional group changes.ResultsCompared to herbal extracts alone, we observed a significant reduction in total bacterial counts after treatment with ZnO nanoparticles. The removal efficiency increased in the following order: plant extract < 0.5 g ZnO nanoparticles < 1 g ZnO nanoparticles, indicating a clear dose-dependent response. SEM images demonstrated cell wall disruption, deformation, and reduced bacterial attachment on treated samples, especially at the higher nanoparticle concentration. FTIR analysis revealed a decrease in the intensity of organic and bacterial-related functional groups after treatment. This observation was along with the appearance of characteristic ZnO absorption bands. It confirmed successful nanoparticle synthesis and structural stability.ConclusionThe results of this study showed that compared to plant extracts alone, ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by green method have better antibacterial activity. The antibacterial performance increased with concentration, demonstrating a strong concentration-effect relationship. According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that greenly synthesized ZnO nanoparticles can be proposed as an efficient, sustainable and environmentally friendly material for wastewater treatment and microbial control. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5518.html ObjectiveOxidative imbalance and reproductive dysfunction have been increasingly linked to exposure to malathion, a widely used organophosphate pesticide. This study evaluated the effects of subchronic oral malathion exposure on antioxidant status, reproductive hormones, and the histological architecture of ovarian and uterine tissues in female rats. Banana peel extract (BPE) was first characterized for antioxidant activity and selected phytochemical contents, and then assessed for its potential protective role against malathion-induced reproductive alterations.Materials and methodsForty adult nulliparous female rats (12 weeks old) were randomly assigned to eight groups (n = 5). The animals were orally treated for 30 consecutive days with distilled water (control), BPE (525 mg/kg), malathion at three doses (30, 90, or 150 mg/kg), or the corresponding malathion and BPE combinations. BPE was prepared using 50% acetone-water extraction and characterized by DPPH radical-scavenging activity and selected phytochemical measurements. Sampling was performed during the diestrus phase to reduce estrous cycle-related hormonal variation. Serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC), estradiol, and progesterone were measured, and ovarian and uterine tissues were examined histologically.ResultsBPE showed DPPH radical-scavenging activity, with an IC₅₀ value of 25.1 µg/mL, and contained measurable amounts of total tannins, total phenolics, total flavonoids, and dopamine. Malathion exposure induced dose-dependent reductions in serum TAC, estradiol, and progesterone. These changes were accompanied by ovarian and uterine histopathological alterations, including ovarian atrophy, stromal degeneration, hyalinization, epithelial desquamation, glandular alterations, and stromal thickening. Co-administration of BPE improved serum TAC, partially restored estradiol and progesterone levels, and was associated with less severe histological alterations compared with the corresponding malathion-treated groups. This improvement was more evident at the low and moderate malathion doses, whereas the protective response was limited at the highest dose.ConclusionSubchronic malathion exposure was associated with impaired antioxidant status, reduced reproductive hormone levels, and structural damage in ovarian and uterine tissues of female rats. Co-administration of BPE provided partial protection against these changes, most likely through its antioxidant phytochemical constituents. The protective response appeared to vary according to malathion dose, suggesting that the effect of BPE was dose-dependent rather than complete across all exposure levels. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5519.html ObjectiveCryptosporidium parvum is a globally important enteric protozoan with recognized veterinary and zoonotic significance; however, data on its occurrence in pet birds in Iraq remain limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum in pet lovebirds (Agapornis spp.) in Babylon Province, Iraq, using both conventional microscopic methods and molecular techniques. It also aimed to characterize the detected isolates through sequence and phylogenetic analyses. Materials and methodsA total of 100 fecal samples were collected from pet lovebirds in various farm locations in Babylon, Iraq between October 2025 and January 2026. The Ziehl Neelsen stain was applied for the detection of Cryptosporidium parvum. Molecular detection of Cryptosporidium parvum was performed using a nested polymerase chain reaction (nested-PCR) targeting the partial region of the 18S rRNA gene. DNA was extracted from fecal samples. Polymerase chain reactions (PCR) with 50 μL final volume were performed. PCR products were electrophoresed on 1% agarose gel. Ten representative PCR-positive samples were selected for sequencing analysis. The Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 11 (MEGA11) software made the phylogram, and Clustal W did the alignments. The NCBI blast n server was used to compare the sequences. SPSS software was used to analyze the data.ResultsMolecular analysis revealed a significantly higher prevalence (34%, 34/100) compared to microscopic detection (21%, 21/100) (χ² = 6.70, p < 0.05), highlighting the superior sensitivity of PCR-based methods. Sequence analysis of the partial 18S rRNA gene showed the highest similarity to Cryptosporidium parvum isolates deposited in GenBank (99.15-99.79%). Phylogenetic tree analysis (PX907836, PX907837, PX907838, PX907839, PX907840, PX907841, PX907842, PX907843, PX907844, PX907845) targeting the partial 18S rRNA gene demonstrated that all isolates clustered closely with international reference strains, indicating low genetic divergence and possible epidemiological linkage. Spatial distribution showed the highest prevalence in Al-Kifl district (44%, 11/25), followed by Al-Hilla (36%, 9/25), while lower rates were observed in Al-Hashimia and Al-Musayyib (28%, 7/25 each), with no significant variation (p > 0.05). Minimal differences were observed between males (35.3%, 23/65) and females (31.4%, 11/35). ConclusionCollectively, these findings confirm the endemic presence of Cryptosporidium parvum in pet birds in Babylon Province and emphasize the importance of integrating molecular and phylogenetic approaches to enhance diagnostic accuracy and better understand transmission dynamics. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5520.html ObjectiveThe economically significant aromatic crop sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) needs thorough genetic analysis for breeding optimization and germplasm conservation. To clarify genetic diversity and population organization in farmed basil, we combined genome-wide SNP markers with chloroplast DNA barcoding (matK).Materials and methodsA total of thirty different cultivated O. basilicum accessions were analyzed (10 accessions from three distinct geographic locations) in Baghdad, Iraq. The matK gene from each accession was amplified and sequenced using the Sanger sequencing. Genomic SNPs were generated using the genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) method. After passing a quality control assessment, 6234 of the SNPs were considered valid high-quality SNPs. Genetic diversity, population structure, and differentiation were analyzed using haplotype analysis, STRUCTURE analysis, principal coordinates analysis (PCA), and statistical evaluation methods, including analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and Fst pairwise statistics.ResultsMatK sequencing revealed moderate genetic diversity among eight haplotypes was observed (Hd = 0.685 ± 0.045), whereas an excess of heterozygotes was identified in the SNP analysis (Ho = 0.092 ± 0.038; He = 0.251 ± 0.072; Fis = 0.634 ± 0.089; P < 0.001). Bayesian clustering suggests three genetically distinct populations (K = 3), while AMOVA results indicate 24.3% of the overall genetic variation is attributed to the population (Φst = 0.243, P < 0.001). Collectively, SNP markers exhibit relatively greater resolution than matK and demonstrate a moderate degree of correlation with matK-based genetic relationships (Mantel r = 0.523, P = 0.002).ConclusionsIndependent conservation is required for three genetically distinct populations with limited gene flow. The pronounced heterozygote deficit suggests that crosses between genetically distinct populations may enhance heterosis in breeding programs. Our results provide new biological insights into the genetic architecture of cultivated basil. These insights include the presence of three well-defined genetic clusters, a strong but structured lack of heterozygosity, and partial concordance between the chloroplast and nuclear genomes. These findings could improve our understanding of gene flow, domestication effects, and population differentiation in O. basilicum. Furthermore, they could provide a genomic framework for future breeding and conservation strategies. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5563.html ObjectivePlatanus (plane tree) flowers are rich in condensed tannins (CTs), which have been reported to possess various bioactive properties. However, their specific anti-cancer effects on triple-negative breast cancer cells remain poorly characterized. This study aimed to evaluate the dose-dependent effects of purified Platanus flower CTs on cellular proliferation, migration, and the expression of key malignant-related genes (PCNA and MMP9) in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Materials and methodsMDA-MB-231 cells were treated with serial concentrations of purified Platanus flower CTs (1.25, 2.5, and 5 mg/mL). Cellular proliferation was assessed by calculating doubling time using time-lapse microscopy and ImageJ single-cell tracking. Migration was evaluated using a wound-healing assay. Gene expression levels of Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) and Matrix Metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) were measured by RT-qPCR. Cell division rates and wound-healing migration were continuously monitored using the Axio Imager time-lapse system. Statistical analyses were conducted using GraphPad Prism softwareResultsTime-lapse analyses showed a clear dose-dependent response. Higher CT concentrations (2.5 and 5 mg/mL) induced complete cell death within the first hour. Treatment at 1.25 mg/mL produced a potent cytostatic effect without acute toxicity, significantly extending the doubling time from approximately 18 hours (control) to approximately 22 hours (P < 0.05). The wound-healing assay revealed significantly reduced wound closure (65-75%) after 24 hours compared to control (80-95%; P < 0.05). Molecular analysis demonstrated that 1.25 mg/mL CTs downregulated PCNA expression by 65% and MMP9 expression by 40%. The pattern of differential gene expression observed herein is fully concordant with both proliferation and migration assays. ConclusionsPurified condensed tannins isolated from Platanus flowers demonstrate significant anti-malignant activity against MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer cells through a dual mechanism: suppressing proliferation via PCNA downregulation and inhibiting migration via MMP9 downregulation. These findings support the potential of Platanus flower CTs as promising candidates for anti-cancer drug development. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5564.html ObjectiveContamination of food products with mycotoxins represents a serious risk to human health. More than 400 mycotoxins have been reported in food and agriculture products. This research aimed to investigate the combined effects of G. lucidum filtrate and sodium bicarbonate on fungal growth and fumonisin B2-producing A. niger, providing a potential integrated strategy for controlling toxigenic fungi in stored legumes.Materials and methodsBean grain fungus isolates were gathered from retail outlets and local markets in Al-Diwaniyah Governorate, Iraq. Molecular approaches like PCR and morphology were used to isolate and identify fungal species. The macroscopic and microscopic aspects of fungal isolates were initially examined. Genomic DNA from Aspergillus niger isolates was extracted. To identify the isolated Aspergillus niger strain, the MaximeTM PCR PreMix (i-Taq) Kit was used. The Poisoned Food Technique was used to evaluate the inhibitory effect of Ganoderma lucidum filtrate on the radial growth of the toxigenic fungus Aspergillus niger. To evaluate the effect of sodium bicarbonate on the radial growth of Aspergillus niger, three concentrations of sodium bicarbonate 10, 20, and 30 mg/mL were prepared and incorporated into PDA medium. The combined impact of G. lucidum filtrate and sodium bicarbonate on A. niger's dry weight by adding three concentrations of each to PDB medium was studied.ResultsFumonisin B2 was toxic at 112.6 ppb and 8.7 ppb. A. niger growth and toxicity were suppressed biologically using Ganoderma lucidum filtrate. Fungal growth was suppressed by 69.8% in solid medium and 55.34 percent in liquid media. The chemical treatment of sodium bicarbonate reduced fungal dry biomass by 49.42% in liquid culture and radial growth by 71.4 percent on solid media. The combination treatment inhibited A. niger combined, showing the potential of chemical and biological control techniques.ConclusionOverall, the results of this study showed that Ganoderma lucidum filtrate and sodium bicarbonate, individually and in combination, are able to inhibit the growth and reduce the biomass of fumonisin B2-producing Aspergillus niger in vitro. However, the amount of fumonisin B2 production was not examined after the treatments, and therefore a direct relationship between the inhibition of fungal growth and the reduction of toxin production cannot be confirmed. These findings indicate the potential of these compounds as antifungal agents in vitro and require further studies, including safety assessment, mechanism of action, and application in real food systems. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5565.html ObjectiveCryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus laurentii are opportunistic fungal pathogens associated with cryptococcosis, and pigeon droppings serve as a major environmental reservoir for these organisms. Increasing antifungal resistance and toxicity of conventional therapies have prompted the search for alternative antimicrobial agents. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the antifungal activity of green-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), garlic (Allium sativum) extract, and conventional antifungal agents against Cryptococcus spp. isolated from pigeon droppings.Materials and methodsA total of 40 pigeon dropping samples were collected from different locations in Diyala Governorate, Iraq. Fungal isolation was performed using Sabouraud dextrose agar supplemented with chloramphenicol, and identification was confirmed through microscopic examination and the VITEK 2 system. Antifungal susceptibility testing was conducted using the agar well diffusion method and broth microdilution assay. Yeast cell viability was assessed using the resazurin-based Alamar Blue indicator. ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized via a green method using garlic extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent.Results Among the examined samples, 13 (32.5%) were positive for Cryptococcus spp., of which 61.5% were identified as C. neoformans and 38.4% as C. laurentii. Both ZnO nanoparticles and garlic extract exhibited significant, concentration-dependent antifungal activity against the tested isolates. ZnO nanoparticles demonstrated notable inhibitory effects, with variable inhibition zones and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging across tested concentrations. Similarly, garlic extract showed appreciable antifungal activity against both species, although with slightly lower potency compared to nanoparticles. Conventional antifungal agents, including itraconazole and fluconazole, also showed inhibitory effects; however, variability in susceptibility patterns was observed among isolates.ConclusionOverall, the results indicate that green-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles possess strong antifungal potential, likely due to their nanoscale size, high surface area, and ability to disrupt fungal cellular structures. Garlic extract also contributes antifungal bioactivity through its phytochemical constituents, particularly allicin. The combined findings suggest that both green nanotechnology and plant-derived compounds may serve as promising complementary or alternative strategies for managing Cryptococcus infections, particularly in the context of emerging antifungal resistance. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5566.html ObjectiveA major contributor to burn infections, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is known for its aggressiveness and medication resistance. This study was carried out to prepare and characterize ZnONPs/PVA (nanoparticles) film loaded with Alhagi maurorum extract for multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from skin burn infections, as well as to molecularly detect and sequence blaTEM and blaIMP genes followed by an in-silico docking analysis to investigate the antibacterial mechanism.Materials and methodsAlhagi maurorum shoots were collected. Voucher specimens were retained. The GC-MS analysis was performed. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were used in the polymer matrix. Comprehensive assessments were conducted to demonstrate the successful entrapment and homogeneous distribution of bioactivating nanocomponents in the polymeric matrix of the fabricated composite film. Fifty bacterial isolates were obtained from burn swabs that had been isolated from the burn unit at AL-Sadiq Teaching Hospital, Babylon, Iraq. The antimicrobial susceptibility of P. aeruginosa isolates (n = 20) was determined. Genomic DNA from bacterial isolates was isolated and PCR was performed. The nucleotide sequences of the blaTEM gene from P. aeruginosa were acquired from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). SPSS software was used for statistical analysis.ResultsGC-MS revealed that the mass spectrum and structure of twelve chemical components extracted from Alhagi maurorum using methanol are displayed in the GC-MS data. Among them, 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-(Linoleic) was unique. By incorporating these phytochemicals into a PVA polymer matrix with zinc nanoparticles, we created a film that decomposes naturally. The film was tested against medical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which are drug-resistant bacteria. Among 50 bacterial isolates, 20 were identified as P. aeruginosa. PCR analysis revealed the presence of blaTEM and blaIMP genes in a substantial proportion of the isolates. Molecular docking results suggest that the ZnO nanostructure has the highest binding potential toward the 4b7q protein compared to linoleic acid and PVA. The strong binding affinity and low inhibition constant of ZnO highlight its potential role as a stable binder or inhibitor, whereas linoleic acid and PVA are less effective.Conclusion: The strong antibacterial properties of the composite film are probably the result of the PVA polymer, zinc nanoparticles, and plant extract working in concert. The ZnO/Alhagi/PVA composite film demonstrated promising antibacterial and antioxidant activities and may represent a potential biodegradable wound-dressing material for managing MDR P. aeruginosa infections. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5567.html Objective The current study aims to utilize wheat straw for the green synthesis of copper oxide (CuONPs), iron oxide (FeONPs), and zinc oxide (ZnONPs) nanoparticles, as well as to characterize the synthesized nanoparticles using Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), UV-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) techniques. Materials and methods The eco-friendly and green synthesis of copper, iron and zinc oxide nanoparticles was done using wheat straw. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to reveal the structural properties of the synthesized particles, under the condition of Cu Kα radiation (wavelength λ = 1.5406 Å). The diffraction patterns were compared to standard data (JCPDS) to identify the crystalline structure of the resulting diffraction patterns. The crystallinity of materials was successfully identified using scanning electron microscopy associated with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and the optical properties of the prepared nanoparticles were obtained using UV-Vis spectroscopy in the wavelength range 200-800 nm. Results The X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrum of the copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) confirmed the successful preparation of partially crystalline copper oxide, suggesting a mixed crystalline structure where the maximum peak is the one at about 43.3 degrees. The diffraction pattern of the iron oxide nanoparticles (FeONPs), however, revealed no sharp diffraction peaks and had a broad scattering, suggesting a low degree of crystallinity. Likewise, the diffraction pattern of the zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) did not show peaks with high crystallinity to zinc oxide but rather a broad hump-like diffraction pattern. The energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis confirmed the presence of the constituent elements of all the synthesized nanoparticles and the key elements that were being analysed were found. The synthesized nanoparticles should, however, be confirmed for their oxide nature with other complementary techniques like X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), detailed X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, or Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Conclusions It is concluded that these results give an idea for the sustainable production of nanoparticles using agricultural wastes. In particular, the results presented here illustrate how wheat straw extract can be used as an environmentally friendly reducing agent in the green synthesis of Cu, Fe and Zn nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis has shown that the oxide nanoparticles are crystalline in nature, and the energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis has confirmed that the elements of which the oxide nanoparticles are composed are present. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5568.html ObjectiveThe liver is a highly complex visceral organ that provides integrated metabolic, digestive, detoxifying, endocrine regulatory and immune functions and thus, is indispensable for the maintenance of homeostasis in the whole body. This study evaluated the impact of nutritional whey protein supplementation on liver-related morphophysiological alterations in healthy adult male albino rats. Materials and methodsThirty-six rats were randomly allocated into three equal groups: a control group, a low-dose whey protein group (5 g/kg body weight), and a high-dose whey protein group (10 g/kg body weight), with oral supplementation continued for six weeks. At the end of the experiment, body weight, liver weight, liver to body weight ratio, and selected serum biochemical markers, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and triglycerides (TG), were evaluated. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was also performed to assess the discriminatory value of the investigated markers.ResultsThe results demonstrated significant reductions in final body weight and liver weight in both whey protein-treated groups compared with the control group, whereas the liver to body weight ratio showed a declining trend without reaching statistical significance. Biochemically, ALT and AST showed mild elevations that were not statistically significant. In contrast, SOD, MDA, and TG were significantly increased in the treated groups, indicating enhanced oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and disturbed lipid handling. ROC analysis further revealed limited diagnostic utility for ALT and AST, whereas SOD, MDA, and TG showed strong discriminatory performance, with MDA exhibiting the highest overall predictive accuracy. Collectively, these findings indicate that whey protein supplementation at the tested doses in healthy rats induced a measurable hepatic metabolic and oxidative burden rather than clear enzyme-defined hepatocellular injury. ConclusionsThe study suggests that oxidative and lipid-related biomarkers may provide greater sensitivity than conventional transaminases for detecting early liver-related responses to excessive protein supplementation. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5569.html ObjectiveEscherichia coli is one of the most significant pathogens that cause infections in the digestive systems of animals, especially sheep, causing huge economic losses due to deaths, decreased productivity, and expenses on treatment. Moreover, Escherichia coli is a zoonosis which can be dangerous for people. Therefore, the identification of this pathogen is extremely important. The goal of this research was the isolation and identification of Escherichia coli from feces of diarrhetic sheep in Abu Ghraib city, Baghdad, Iraq, by bacteriological, VITEK 2, and PCR techniques (uidA and uspA genes). Also, pathogenicity of the isolates was assessed in experimentally infected mice.Materials and methodsFecal samples of forty sheep suffering from diarrhea were cultured in MacConkey and Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) agars. Presumptive identification of bacteria isolated was done using cultural and biochemical tests followed by VITEK 2 automated test for confirmation. DNA isolation from the bacterial isolates was done while polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques using uidA and uspA primers were employed. Pathogenicity testing of E. coli was done through oral infection in mice using a dose of 1 × 10⁸ CFU/ml. Tissue fixation was done, and histopathology tests of intestinal and gastric tissues were done after that.ResultsOut of forty samples, seventeen (42.5%) were found to be positive for E. coli. Isolated bacteria formed typical pink colonies in MacConkey agar and metallic green sheen colonies in EMB agars. The isolates were identified as Escherichia coli using the automated VITEK 2 system with 97% confidence level. PCR results showed amplicon formation at the expected sizes of 623 bp (uidA gene) and 884 bp (uspA gene). Histopathology tests showed that infection resulted in severe lesions in the intestines and stomach of experimentally infected mice. Lesions included villous degeneration, inflammatory cells infiltration, disruption of the mucosa, congestion of blood vessels, and necrosis of gastric glands and gastric epithelium.ConclusionThe results of the study show that a significant number of E. coli are associated with diarrheic sheep, and the importance of using a combination of conventional and molecular techniques for the identification of the isolate is evident. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5576.html ObjectiveThis study evaluated the antagonistic potential of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens against Fusarium solani and Macrophomina phaseolina, the causal agents of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) root rot and seedling damping-off. The research involved isolation and identification of the pathogens, assessment of their pathogenic variability, and evaluation of biological control agents under laboratory and greenhouse conditions.Materials and methodsThree isolates of F. solani and two isolates of M. phaseolina were obtained from infected okra plants collected from different locations. Significant variation in pathogenicity was observed among the isolates. The isolate F1 of F. solani exhibited the highest virulence, causing a significant reduction in seed germination and increasing seedling mortality by 43.2% and 49.4%, respectively, compared with the untreated control.ResultsIn vitro assays demonstrated that P. fluorescens effectively inhibited the radial growth of F. solani and M. phaseolina by 48.36% and 64.7%, respectively. Similarly, S. cerevisiae exhibited significant antifungal activity, particularly at the fifth dilution, where growth inhibition reached 74.1% for F. solani and 76.1% for M. phaseolina. These findings demonstrate that both biological agents significantly suppressed fungal growth under in vitro conditions. Pathogenicity tests confirmed that infection with F. solani and M. phaseolina significantly reduced seed germination and increased seedling mortality. However, application of biological treatments reduced disease severity. Among all treatments, the combined application of M. phaseolina with P. fluorescens produced the best results, significantly improving germination percentage and reducing seedling mortality compared to pathogen-only treatments. Greenhouse experiments further revealed that both S. cerevisiae and P. fluorescens, applied individually or in combination, significantly enhanced seed germination, chlorophyll content, vegetative growth, and leaf area. Moreover, the combined treatment exhibited a strong synergistic effect in suppressing pathogen activity, reducing disease incidence and severity, and promoting overall plant growth performance.ConclusionOverall, the results of this study demonstrate that S. cerevisiae and P. fluorescens are promising eco-friendly biological control agents that can be effectively used in integrated management strategies for controlling okra root rot disease caused by F. solani and M. phaseolina. These findings support the development of sustainable disease management approaches that reduce reliance on chemical fungicides while improving plant health and productivity. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5577.html ObjectiveDiabetic foot infections (DFIs) are among the most serious complications of diabetes mellitus and are frequently associated with multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, limiting the effectiveness of conventional antibiotic therapy. This study aimed to green synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using two types of natural honey (Sidr and Spring honey), characterize the synthesized nanoparticles, and evaluate their antibacterial activity and synergistic effect with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid against clinical S. aureus isolates.Materials and methodsSilver nanoparticles were synthesized using silver nitrate, with natural honey serving as both the reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV–Vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and zeta potential analysis. Their antibacterial activity was evaluated using the agar well diffusion method, and synergistic activity with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid was assessed against clinical S. aureus isolates.ResultsUV–Vis spectroscopy showed a characteristic surface plasmon resonance peak at 422 nm, confirming nanoparticle formation. SEM analysis revealed predominantly spherical nanoparticles with particle sizes ranging from 15.45 to 30.34 nm. XRD confirmed the crystalline structure of the AgNPs, while zeta potential values of approximately −23 mV indicated good colloidal stability. The synthesized AgNPs exhibited concentration-dependent antibacterial activity, with a maximum inhibition zone of 21.8 mm. Spring honey-derived AgNPs demonstrated slightly higher antibacterial activity than Sidr honey-derived AgNPs. The combination of AgNPs with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid significantly enhanced antibacterial activity compared with either treatment alone (P < 0.05).ConclusionHoney-mediated silver nanoparticles exhibited favorable physicochemical characteristics, effective antibacterial activity, and a significant synergistic effect with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid against clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates from diabetic foot infections. The use of natural honey as an eco-friendly reducing and stabilizing agent provides a sustainable approach for nanoparticle synthesis and highlights the potential of these nanoparticles as adjunct antimicrobial agents for improving therapeutic efficacy while potentially reducing antibiotic dosage and limiting the development of bacterial resistance. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5628.html ObjectiveStaphylococci are naturally present in the bodies of animals and humans, particularly in the digestive and respiratory systems. Staphylococcus spp. are widespread microorganisms in food environments, having been isolated from a variety of products, including meat, dairy, and ready-to-eat foods. This aim of the current study was to isolate and identify Staphylococcus pasteuri from various food products (meat and cheese) and food handlers, and to characterize their antibiotic resistance profiles and genetic mutations using the whole-genome data. Materials and methodsA total of 58 food samples (fresh meat, cooked meat, and cheese) and 13 hand swabs from food handlers were collected in Baghdad, Iraq. The Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used to screen isolates for methicillin resistance. Output of this method was confirmed via the VITEK 2 system. Selected resistant strains were sequenced using Illumina technology to study whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and to analyze resistance genes and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). ResultsStaphylococcus pasteuri was successfully isolated from the tested food samples and food handlers. The results highlighted its potential transmission through the food chain. A high prevalence of multi-drug resistance traits was determined by considering phenotypic and molecular characterization. Key metabolic pathways, including NAD+ dependent enzymes and the phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase system (PTS) were revealed by WGS analysis. These results indicated high metabolic versatility and adaptability to different type of food environments. Moreover, significant plasticity was revealed by genomic analysis. These results were characterized by the presence of mobile genetic elements, resistance determinants, and numerous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Notably, high-impact mutations were detected within uncharacterized domains (DUFs), specifically DUF3310 and DUF771, which may possess novel regulatory functions. ConclusionThe results of the present study showed that S. pasteuri has a highly flexible and comprehensive genomic architecture. This enables it to survive, adapt, and spread antibiotic resistance through the food chain. This is a significant public health concern that must be addressed. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5629.html ObjectiveHeavy metal pollution harms plants, so using biological methods to mitigate it is important. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi have been known to enhance mineral nutrition to plants, particularly uptake of comparatively immobile nutrients like phosphorus (P), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu), and increase nitrogen uptake and water use efficiency. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Funneliformis mosseae inoculation in enhancing the growth and tolerance of Capsicum annuum L. under cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) stress conditions.Materials and methodsThe experiment was conducted over a period of 160 days using areplicated experimental design to evaluate the effects of Funneliformis mosseae under lead and cadmium stress. A pot experiment was conducted under the greenhouse conditions at the University of Baghdad. The experiment utilized a completely randomized design (CRD) featuring six replicates for each treatment. These treatment groups were established to assess the growth of Capsicum annuum plants in clay soil. Plant growth was assessed by measuring fresh and dry weights and stem and root while Pb and Cd concentrations were determined in root tissues and soil using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The statistical analysis of the experimental data was performed using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) software (Version 9.4) ResultsStatistical analysis using two-way ANOVA indicated significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) among the experimental treatments. Inoculation with Funneliformis mosseae improved the growth of hot pepper plants, as reflected by higher fresh and dry biomass together with increased shoot and root lengths under lead and cadmium stress. Furthermore, AAS analysis revealed lower Pb and Cd concentrations in the roots of mycorrhiza-inoculated plants, suggesting that mycorrhizal inoculation effectively reduced heavy metal stress. ConclusionThis study provides evidence that mycorrhizal inoculation can be integrated into sustainable management strategies for crops grown in heavy metal-contaminated soils. The use of Funneliformis mosseae offers a practical biological approach to improving plant performance while minimizing the impact of lead and cadmium on agricultural systems. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5630.html ObjectiveAceria ficus (Acari: Eriophyidae), is one of the minute microscopic pests that feed on plant tissues and are characterized by their high specialization and environmental sensitivity. This group is considered among the mite types whose classification is regarded as a challenge because of the great morphological similarity among closely related species, which makes traditional diagnosis ineffective when using morphological traits alone. This study aimed to molecularly identify Aceria ficus collected from Iraqi fig orchards using the mitochondrial COI gene, compare the obtained sequences with available GenBank records, and infer their phylogenetic relationshipsMaterials and methodsDuring the 2024-2025 seasons, a survey of several fig orchards was conducted in Baghdad (Abu Ghraib) and Babil Province (Al-Kifl and Al-Siyahi) to collect mite samples. Following rigorous morphological identification of the specimens as Aceria ficus, genetic and phylogenetic analyses were performed using the Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) marker. ResultsBLASTn analysis of the amplified COI fragments, utilizing LCO1490/HCO2198 primers, revealed a maximum sequence identity of 82% with Aceria microcis. The relatively low sequence identity (82%) does not provide definitive species-level identification. Instead, it reflects the absence of authenticated COI sequences of Aceria ficus in GenBank. Therefore, species identification relied on the combination of morphological examination and molecular phylogenetic analysis. Consequently, the nucleotide sequences obtained in this study represent the first publicly available COI sequences of Aceria ficus deposited in GenBank under accession numbers PV123164-PV123173. Genetic relatedness analysis using MEGA 12 and the Neighbor-Joining (NJ) method placed all nucleotide sequences of the CO1 region from the identified Aceria ficus samples in a single cluster, separate from other species, confirming their belonging to the same speciesConclusionNeighbor-Joining (NJ) phylogenetic analysis conducted in MEGA12 grouped all sequenced samples into a single, highly supported clade, formed a distinct clade separated from the reference sequences included in the present analysis, further corroborating the molecular distinctiveness of the identified populations. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5637.html ObjectiveThis study evaluated the efficacy of Trichoderma harzianum and gibberellic acid (GA₃) in mitigating the adverse effects of Fusarium solani on growth and yield attributes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The research also examined whether integrating biological control with GA₃ could improve wheat performance under pathogen stress.Materials and methodsThe experiment was carried out in the winter season and the treatments were arranged in a factorial experiment as the presence or absence of T. harzianum and F. solani and four concentrations of gibberellic acid (0, 100, 200, and 300 mg L⁻¹). Parameters related to growth and yield were measured. This included plant height, length of roots, area of leaves, length of spikes, number of tillers per plant, number of grains per spike, and weight of 1000 grains. All data were analyzed statistically using the ANOVA technique. Mean comparisons were made at the 0.05 probability level.ResultsData for most of the traits studied differed significantly (P ≤ 0.05) among treatments. The combined treatment with T. harzianum and gibberellic acid significantly enhanced all the parameters of wheat growth and productivity compared to the untreated plants. Integrated application significantly improved growth and yield traits compared with pathogen-inoculated plants. On the other hand, most of the parameters of growth and yield were significantly reduced when plants were grown in soil infested with F. solani as compared with plants grown in pathogen-free soil, which confirms the deleterious effect of this pathogen. Besides, the T. harzianum treatments ameliorated the adverse effects of pathogen infection and enhanced plant vigor and productivity. The improvement observed reveals an effective interaction between biological control and plant growth regulation in alleviating disease-induced stress.ConclusionThe results prove that the application of T. harzianum with gibberellic acid is effective in reducing the adverse effects of F. solani on wheat. In fact, this treatment improved growth, yield components, and overall plant performance. Therefore, use of T. harzianum in combination with gibberellic acid may be considered a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to increase wheat productivity under pathogen stress. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5647.html ObjectiveRooting represents a crucial phase in the micropropagation of date palm, and root quality is an important determinant of successful plantlet establishment. This study aimed to investigate the effects of two widely used auxins, indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), on rooting efficiency, root morphology, and anatomical structure in tissue-cultured date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cv. Mirhaj. Special attention was given to identifying root malformations associated with different auxin types and concentrations, as well as understanding their anatomical characteristics.Materials and methodsThe experiment was conducted in 2024 using shoots derived from indirect somatic embryogenesis of cv. Mirhaj. Uniform shoots at the elongation stage were selected and cultured on full-strength semi-solid Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with IBA or NAA at concentrations of 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 mg L-1. Six treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with fifteen replicates per treatment, where each shoot represented one replicate. Three shoots were cultured per 380 ml bottle containing 50 ml of medium. Cultures were maintained under controlled environmental conditions. After eight weeks, data were collected on rooting percentage, number of roots per shoot, root length, secondary root formation, and incidence of root malformations. For anatomical analysis, cross-sections of healthy and malformed roots were prepared, fixed in 70% ethanol, stained with safranin and fast green, and examined under a light microscope.ResultsAuxin type and concentration significantly influenced rooting performance and root morphology. NAA at 0.25 and 0.5 mg L-1 produced the highest rooting percentage (90%) and increased the number of roots per shoot. In contrast, IBA at 0.1 mg L-1 resulted in the longest roots, indicating better elongation capacity. However, higher concentrations of NAA led to shorter roots and a marked increase in root malformations, reaching 50% at 0.5 mg L-1. No malformations were observed with low IBA concentrations. Anatomical analysis revealed severe structural abnormalities in malformed roots, including disrupted vascular tissues and irregular cellular organization.ConclusionThe findings highlight a trade-off between rooting efficiency and root quality. While NAA improved rooting percentage, it negatively affected root structure. Low-concentration IBA, particularly 0.1 mg L⁻¹, promoted longer roots with no observed malformations under the conditions tested, suggesting its potential suitability for producing morphologically and anatomically sound roots. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5649.html ObjectiveThe current study attempts to explore the viability of using marine animal TC to generate seafood in laboratories. The current work focuses on exploring the biological and technical constraints associated with the large-scale culturing of marine organisms, especially in generating CBS. The current research is expected to shed light on the potential of CBS as a sustainable alternative in the seafood sector.Materials and MethodsTissue cultures of marine organisms, which include fish and crustaceans, have been utilized to assess the viability of producing CBS on a large scale. This includes the use of cell line generation, the creation of serum-free media, and the design of bioreactors. The integration of genetic engineering with conventional AC techniques was used to establish an ideal growth environment for the cells. Several culture conditions were assessed, including resistance to hypoxia, regulation of pH, and adaptation to low temperatures.ResultsThis experiment indicated that marine animal cells, especially those from fish and crustaceans’ muscles, were better adapted to hypoxia and low temperatures than terrestrial cells. This is beneficial for CBS fabrication since it facilitates effective growth and differentiation of cells in the bioreactor. Furthermore, cell cultures derived from fish tissues were capable of forming tissue-like constructs on biodegradable scaffolds, which could pave the way for growing seafood in the laboratory. However, there were challenges associated with the creation of serum-free medium and bioreactor design. ConclusionIn conclusion, marine animal tissue culture can potentially be used as a viable technology for growing seafood sustainably. While there are a myriad of physiological benefits associated with using marine cells in the manufacture of cultured seafood, much remains to be accomplished in addressing some technical challenges in this area, including the development of serum-free medium, culturing of cell lines, and bioreactor design. Solving these problems could usher in a paradigm shift in the industry, offering a sustainable solution to the burgeoning global demand for seafood. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5663.html ObjectiveLow production of bioactive metabolites remains one of the major limitations in commercial production of Lavandula angustifolia. Chitosan has been proposed as an effective elicitor for enhancing secondary metabolite biosynthesis under in vitro conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of chitosan, a biological derivative of chitin, on the growth and active compound content of lavender plants cultured in vitro. Materials and methodsA completely randomized design with four chitosan concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 200 mg L⁻¹) was used. Moreover, ten biological replicates per treatment were used for in vitro cultured Lavandula angustifolia plantlets. Vegetative growth parameters, including plant height, branch number, leaf number, fresh weight, and dry weight were recorded, after four weeks of culture. GC–MS was used for analysing volatile metabolites and HPLC was applied for quantifying phenolic compounds. Results The results of the current study showed that plant growth and metabolite accumulation are significantly influenced by chitosan (p < 0.05). Using chitosan (100 mg L⁻¹) produced the highest biomass, except for number of branches that the greatest number of branches was recorded at 50 mg L⁻¹. This treatment, in comparison with the control increased plant height (90%), fresh weight (199%), and dry weight (142%). At this concentration, the highest levels for quercetin, rosmarinic acid, luteolin, apigenin, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid were 95.6 ppm, 90.5 ppm, 88.7 ppm, 83.9 ppm, 81.4 ppm, and 70.6 ppm, respectively. In contrast, 50 mg L⁻¹ chitosan induced the accumulation of 2-nitroethyl propionate, whereas 200 mg L⁻¹ reduced both growth and phenolic accumulation, indicating inhibitory effects at higher concentrations.ConclusionThe current research showed that chitosan can successfully increase the growth and secondary metabolite production of Lavandula angustifolia cultured in vitro in a concentration-dependent manner. Overall, 100 mg L⁻¹ was the optimum concentration because it produced the highest biomass and phenolic accumulation, although the maximum branch number was observed at 50 mg L⁻¹. Our results showed that supplementing in vitro culture media with 100 mg L⁻¹ chitosan can be used as a practical strategy for improving the production of valuable bioactive compounds in lavender. For validation of the underlying mechanisms and support commercial application, it would be better to perform further molecular and greenhouse studies. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5667.html ObjectiveCigarette smoking and alcohol are two important lifestyle factors that affect male reproductive health. However, the effects of individual and combined chronic exposure to cigarette smoke and alcohol on testicular architecture, selected gene expression profiles, and spermatogenesis remain incompletely understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the chronic effects of cigarette smoke and alcohol on histological, morphometrical and molecular status in testicular tissue in adult male rats. Materials and methodsForty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided in four groups (n = 10 per group). These groups were control, cigarette smoke-exposed, alcohol-exposed, and combined cigarette smoke- and alcohol-exposed groups. The exposure period was 8 weeks. Testicular histopathological and morphometric changes were evaluated. Moreover, the expression of genes related to oxidative stress (Nrf2 and HO-1), apoptosis (Bax and Bcl-2), steroidogenesis (StAR and CYP11A1), and spermatogenesis (DAZL and SYCP3) was assessed using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR).ResultsThe results showed that exposure to cigarette smoke, alcohol or their combination significantly reduced the expression of Nrf2, HO-1, StAR, CYP11A1, DAZL, Bcl-2 and SYCP3. While, it increased the expression of Bax (P < 0.05). These molecular changes were accompanied by significant histopathological and morphometric changes. For example, it caused a decrease in the diameter of the seminiferous tubules, a decrease in the thickness of the germinal epithelium, a decrease in the density of spermatogenic cells and a decrease in the density of Leydig cells. The most pronounced changes were observed in the combined exposure group.ConclusionsChronic cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking negatively impact the structure and function of the testes through mechanisms of oxidative stress, apoptosis, inhibition of steroidogenesis, and disordered spermatogenesis. The combined exposure generates amplifying damage which far exceeds what each factor causes in isolation, suggesting that such lifestyle habits may represent major male infertility risk factors together. https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_5668.html ObjectiveStudies have shown that the anatomical and functional organization of the avian respiratory system is highly specialized. However, in the hoopoe (Upupa epops), the integrated morphological, histological, and molecular features of the respiratory system have not yet been fully and clearly studied and reported. The aim of this study was to characterize the respiratory system of the hoopoe (Upupa epops) using an integrated morphological, histological, and molecular approach. The molecular analysis focused on genes involved in oxygen sensing, vascular signaling, and inflammation. Materials and methodsGross morphometry, histological analysis with hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's trichrome staining, and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) were used to study eight adult hoopoes (Upupa epops). Gene expression analysis was performed for hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1A), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). The reference gene was ACTB. Appropriate paired statistical tests were used to assess morphometric measurements and gene expression levels. Correlation analyses were applied to study associations between molecular and structural variables.ResultsTracheal diameter decreased significantly from cranial to caudal with a strong effect (p<0.001). The thickness of the left and right lungs was similar (p>0.05). Histological examination revealed ciliated pseudostratified epithelium and goblet cells in the trachea. The submucosa contained seromucous glands and was supported by hyaline cartilage. The lungs exhibited parabronchi, atria, infundibula, and a dense network of air capillaries. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha levels were higher in the lung compared to the trachea (p<0.05; fold-change >1.5). Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A levels also increased in the lung (p<0.05; fold-change >1.5). Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF (levels remained low and did not show a tissue difference (p>0.05). HIF1A and VEGFA levels were positively correlated across samples (r>0.6, p<0.05). Actin cytoskeleton beta (ACTB) expression was stable across the analyzed tissues. These molecular findings were consistent with the dense capillary network observed histologically.ConclusionThe higher HIF1A transcript abundance observed in lung tissue may indicate enhanced activation of oxygen-responsive pathways; however, because HIF-1α protein levels and direct tissue oxygenation were not measured, these findings should not be interpreted as direct evidence of tissue hypoxia. This multi-level approach validates the use of combined morpho-histological and RT-qPCR analysis to characterize avian respiratory health and adaptation.