Study of meat quality and some genes expression associated with growth in three strains of Ross, Arian, and Cobb based on a basal diet

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 MSc Student, Department of Animal Science, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran.

2 Associate Professor, Department of Animal Science, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran.

3 Instructor, Department of Animal Science, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran.

Abstract

Objective
One of the goals of the poultry industry is to select animals that increased growth rates and also muscle mass while maintaining meat quality. The present study was conducted to evaluate performance, some meat quality characteristics, and gene expression associated with growth (IGF-I, IGF-II, TGF-β1, Myostatin) in three strains of Arian, Ross, and Cobb.
Materials and methods
To do this research 150 one-day-old (male and female) broiler chicks of Arian, Ross, and Cobb strains were categorized in a completely randomized design with three treatments, five replicates, and 10 observations per replicate. The function, some physical characteristics of meat, and the relative expression of their genes were investigated. Strain types had a significant effect on the feed conversion ratio (FCR).
Results
In the whole the rearing period, the lowest FCR was for the Ross strain and the highest was for the Cobb strain. TPA test of the breast showed that hardness, cohesiveness, and chewiness in Arian, Ross, and Cobb strains were significantly different. Maximum hardness and chewiness were for the Arian and Cobb strains and maximum cohesiveness was for the Ross strain. There were no significant differences between strains for adhesiveness, springiness, or gumminess. TPA test of the thigh showed that hardness, chewiness, and gumminess were not significantly different, but cohesiveness, adhesiveness, and springiness were significantly different between strains. Maximum cohesiveness and springiness were observed in the Arian strain and maximum adhesiveness was for the Ross strain. Breast and thigh pressure tests of the three strains showed that hardness and deformation of hardness were not significantly different. IGF-I and IGF-II relative gene expression of breast meat had no significant difference between strains. TGF-β1 and myostatin relative gene expression were significantly different and the Cobb strain had the highest relative gene expression of TGF-β1. Also, IGF-I and IGF-II relative gene expression had no significant difference in the liver.
Conclusions
Given the individual advantages of each strain in some traits, more research is needed with specialized diets for each strain to be able to comment conclusively on the superiority of their traits.

Keywords


شریعتمداری فرید، رضایی محمد جواد، لطف الهیان هوشنگ (1383) مقایسه عملکرد صفات تولیدی آمیخته‌های تجارتی جوجه گوشتی. مجله پژوهش و سازندگی 67، 68-74.
محمدی فر آمنه، فقیه ایمانی سید علی، محمدآبادی محمد رضا، سفلایی محمد (1392) تأثیر ژن TGFb3 بر ارزش های فنوتیپی و ارثی صفات وزن بدن در مرغ بومی استان فارس. مجله بیو تکنولوژی کشاورزی  5(4)، 136-125.
References
Aberle ED, Forrest JC, Gerrard DE, Mills EW (2001) Effect of dietary supplementation with fish oil with selsnium or vitamin E on oxidative stability and acceptability of broilers meat. J Meat Sci 45, 120-126.
Allen G, Flint D, Patel K (2001) Insulin-like growth factor axis during embryonic development. Reproduction 122, 31-39.
Allen RE, Boxhorn LK (1987) Inhibition of skeletal muscle satellite cell differentiation by transforming growth factor-beta. J Cell Physiol 133, 567–572.
Allen RE, Goll DE (2003) Cellular and developmental biology of skeletal muscle as related to muscle growth. Colin Scanes, Ed. Iowa state Press, Anes. Pp 148-169 Biology of growth of domestic animals.
Allen RE, Merkel RA, Young RB (1979) Cellular aspects of muscle growth: Myogenic cell proliferation. J Anim Sci 49, 115–127. 
Allen RE, Sheehan SM, Taylor RG et al. (1995) Hepatocyte growth factor activates quiescent skeletal muscle satellite cells in vitro. J Cell Physiol 165, 307–312 .100.
AMAO SR, Lamidi OO, Olalekan AS (2011) Evaluation of growth performance traits in three strains of broiler chickens reared in derived savanna environment of Nigeria. Orjinal Article Life Sci 1(2), e28. 
Asghar M, Samejima K, Yasui T (1985) Functionaly of muscle prroteins in gelation mechanisms of structured meat products. Crit Rev Food Sci 22, 27-106.
Bacon WL, Nestor KE, Emmerson DA et al. (1993) Circulating IGF-I in plasma of growing male and female turkeys of medium and heavy weight lines. Domest Anim Endocrin 10, 267–277.
Barazandeh A, Mohammadabadi MR, Ghaderi-Zefrehei M et al. 2019. Whole genome comparative analysis of CpG islands in camelid and other mammalian genomes. Mamm Biol 98, 73-79
Burks TN, Cohn RD (2011) Role of TGF-beta signaling in inherited and acquired myopathies. Skelet Muscle 1, 19.
Buyse J, Decuypere, E (1999) The role of the somatotrophic axis in the metabolism of the chicken. Domest Anim Endocrin 17, 245–255.
Choi CS, Distefano A, Kim SN et al. (2007) Myostatin knockout mice are protected from high-fat diet induced obesity and insulin resistance. Diabetes 56, A84-A85.
Ciarmela P, Wiater E, Smith SM, Vale W (2009) Presence, actions, and regulation of myostatin in rat uterus and myometrial cells. Endocrinol 150, 906–914.
Conlon MA, Kita K (2002) Muscle protein synthesis rate is altered in response to a single injection of insulin-like growthfactor-I in seven day-old Leghorn chicks. J Poult Sci 81, 1543–1547.
Crouse JD, Koohmairaie M, Seideman SD (1991) The of muscle fibsre size to tenderness of meat. J Meat Sci 30, 295-302.
Dairo FAS, Oluwasola TA, Adesehinwa AOK, Oluyemi, JA (2009) Variation of energy and protein content on the performance and carcass values of broiler chickens. Proceeding of the 14th Annual Conference of Animal Science Association of Nigeria, Lautech. 14, 452-4.
Duclos MJ, Wilkie RS, Gooddard C (1991) Stimulation of DNA synthesis in chicken muscle satellite cells by insulin and insulin-like growth factors: Evidence for exclusive mediation by a type-I insulin-like growth factor. J Endocrinol 128, 35-42.
Feng XH, Derynck R (2005) Specificity and versatility in tgf-beta signaling through Smads. Ann Rev Cell Dev Biol 21, 659–693.
Fletcher DL (1999) Broiler breast meat color variation, pH, and texture. J Poult Sci 78, 1323-1327.
Froning GW, AS, Mather FB (1978) The effect of preslaughter temperature, stress, strruggle and anesthetization on color and textural characteristics of turkey muscle. J Poult Sci 57, 630-633.
Girbau M, Bassas L, Alemany J, De Pablo F (1989) Insitu autoradiography and ligand-dependent tyrosine kinase activity reveal insulin receptors and IGF-I receptors in prepancreatic chicken embryos. J Proc Nat Acad Sci 86, 5868-5872.
Goddard C, Wilkie RS, Dunn IC (1988) The relationshin between   insulin-    like growth factor-I, growth hormone, thyroid hormones and insulin in chickens selected for growth. Domest Anim Endocrin 5,165–176.
Goll DE, Thompson VF, Li H et al (2003) The calpain system. J Physiol Rev 83, 731-801.  
Gonzales E, Buyse J, Roherto Sartori J, DecuyPere E (1998) Metabolic disturbances in male broilers of different strains.1: Performance mortality, and right ventriculate hypertrophy. J Poult Sci 71, 1646-1653.
Hsu SY, Chung HY (1989) Effects of prossesing factors on qualities of processing factors on qualities of emulsified meatball. J Food Eng 39, 337-347.
Huybrechts LM, King DB, Lauterion TJ et al. (1985) Plasma concentrations of somatomedin-C in hypophysectomized, dwarf, and intact growing domestic fowl as determined by heterologous radioimmunoassay. J Endocrinol 104, 233–239.
Jeremiah LE, Alhus JL, Robertson WM, Gibson LL (1996) The effects of grade, gender and postmortem treatment onbeef. II. Cooking properties and palatability attributes. J Anim Sci 77, 41-54.
Jiao J, Yuan T, Zhou Y et al (2011) Analysis of myostatin and its related factors in various porcine tissues. J Anim Sci 89, 3099–3106. 
Jin SK, Kim IS, Jeong KJ et al. (2007) Effect of muscle type and washing times on ohysico-chemical characteristics and qualities of surimi. J Food Eng 81, 618-623.
Jonsson A, Sigurgisladottir H, Hafteinsson H, Kristbergsson K (2001) Textural properties of raw chikens filets measured by different methods in comparison to expressible moisture. J Food Sci 7, 81-89.
Kallincos NC, Wallace JC, Francis GL, Ballard FJ (1990) Chemical and biological characterization of chicken insulin-like growth factor-II. J Endocrinol 124, 89–97.
Kishioka Y, Thomas M, Wakamatsu JI et al. (2008) Decorin enhances the proliferation and differentiation of myogenic cells through suppressing myostatin activity. J Cell Physiol 215, 856–867.
Kotwaliwate N, Bakane P (2007) Optical properties of oyster mushroom during hot air drying. J Food Eng 78, 1207-1211.
Lainer TC, Lin TS, Hamann DD, Thomas FB (1981) Effects of alkaline protease in minced fish on texture of heat-processed gels. J Food Sci 46, 1643-1645.
Laviola, Natalicchio A, Giorgino F (2007) The IGF-I signaling pathway. Curr Pharm Des 13, 1-7.
Lawrence TLJ, fowler VR (2002) Growth of farm animals. 2nd Ed. CAB Pub, 368pp.
Lee PD, Peacock A, Roessler MK et al. (1989) Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-binding activity in normal and fast-growing chickens. J Life Sci 45, 2465-2470.
Lee SJ (2004) Regulation of muscle mass by myostatin. J Cell Dev Biol 20, 61–86.
Leroith D, Werner H, Neuenschwander S et al. (1995) The role of the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor in cancer. Ann NY Acad Sci 766, 402-408.
Li X, McFarland DC, Velleman SG (2008) Effect of Smad3-mediated transforming growth factor-β1 signaling on satellite cell proliferation and differentiation in chickens.  J Poult Sci 87, 1823–1833.
Li X, Velleman SG (2009) Effect of transforming growth factor-β1 on embryonic and posthatch muscle growth and development in normal and low score normal chicken. J Poult Sci 88, 265–275.
Li X, Velleman SG (2009) Effect of transforming growth factor-β1 on decorin expression and muscle morphology during chicken embryonic and posthatch growth and development. J Poult Sci 88, 387–397.
Lilja C, Marks HL (1991) Changes in organ growth pattern associated with long-term selection for high growth rate in the quail. Growth Dev Aging 55, 219–224.
Liu D, Black BL, Derynck R (2001) TGF-beta inhibits muscle differentiation through functional repression of myogenic transcription factors by Smad3. Genes Dev 15, 2950–2966.
Liu JL, LeRoith D (1999) Insulin-like growth factor I is essential for postnatal growth in response to growth hormone. J Endocrinol 140, 5178–5184.
Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD (2001) Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2− ΔΔCT method. Methods 25, 402-408.
Manickam R, Pena RN, Whitelaw CBA (2008) Mammary gland differentiation inversely correlates with GDF-8 expression. Mol Reprod Dev 75, 1783–1788.
Martin JF, Li L, Olson EN (1992) Repression of myogenin function by TGF-beta 1 is targeted at the basic helix-loop-helix motif and is independent of E2A products. J Biol Chem 267, 10956–10960.
Masoudzadeh SH, Mohammadabadi M, Khezri A et al. (2020b) Effects of diets with different levels of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) seed powder on DLK1 gene expression in brain, adipose tissue, femur muscle and rumen of Kermani lambs. Small Rum Res 193, e106276.
Masoudzadeh SH, Mohammadabadi MR, Khezri A et al. (2020a) Dlk1 gene expression in different Tissues of lamb. Iran J Appl Anim Sci 10, 669-677.
Massague J, Cheifetz S, Endo T, Nadal-Ginard B (1986) Type beta transforming growth factor is an inhibitor of myogenic differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83, 8206–8210.
Mcmurtry JP (1998) Nutritional and developmental roles of insulin-like growth factors in poultry. J Nutr 128, 302S–305S.
McMurtry JP, Francis GL, Upton Z et al (1996) Plasma clearance and tissue distribution of labeled chicken and human IGF-I and IGF-II in the chicken. J Endocrinol. 150, 149–160.
McPherron AC, Lee S (1997b) Double muscling in cattle due to mutations in the myostatin gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94, 12457–12461.
Meynier A, Genot C, Gandemer G (1999) Oxidation of muscle phospholipids in relation to their fatty acid composition with emphasis on volatile compounds. J Food Agri Sci 79, 797-804.
Miura T, Kishioka Y, Wakamatsu JI et al (2006) Decorin binds myostatin and modulates its activity to muscle cells. J Biochem Bioph Res Com. 340, 675–680.
Mohamadipoor L, Mohammadabadi M, Amiri Z et al (2021) Signature selection analysis reveals candidate genes associated with production traits in Iranian sheep breeds. BMC veterinary research 17 (1), 1-9
Mohammadabadi M, Masoudzadeh SH, Khezri A et al (2021a) Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) seed powder increases Delta-Like Non-Canonical Notch Ligand 1 gene expression in testis, liver, and humeral muscle tissues of growing lambs. Heliyon 7 (12), e08542.
Mohammadabadi MR, Nikbakhti M, Mirzaee HR et al (2010) Genetic variability in three native Iranian chicken populations of the Khorasan province based on microsatellite markers. Russ J Genet 46, 505-509.
Mohammadabadi M, Bordbar F, Jensen J et al (2021b). Key genes regulating skeletal muscle development and growth in farm animals. Animals 11, e835.
Mohammadifar A, Faghih Imani SA, Mohammadabadi MR, Soflaei M (2014) The effect of TGFb3 gene on phenotypic and breeding values of body weight traits in Fars native fowls. J Agric Biotech 5, 125-136 (In Persian).
Mohammadifar A, Mohammadabadi MR (2018) Melanocortin-3 receptor (mc3r) gene association with growth and egg production traits in Fars indigenous chicken. Malays Appl Biol 47, 85–90.
Mohammadifar A, Mohammadabadi MR (2017) The effect of uncoupling protein polymorphisms on growth, breeding value of growth and reproductive traits in the fars indigenous chicken. Iran J Appl Anim Sci 7, 679-685.
Morrissey PA, Sheehy PJA, Galvin K et al (1998) Lipid stability in meat and meat products. J Meat Sci 49, 73-86.
Mott I, Ivarie R (2002) Expression of myostatin is not altered in lines of poultry exhibiting myofiber hyper- and hypoplasia. J Poult Sci 81, 799–804.
Muchenje V, Dzama K, Chimonyo M et al (2008) Sensory evaluation and its realationship to physical meat quality attributes of beef from Nguni and Bonsmara steers raised on natural pasture. J Anim Sci 2, 1700-1706.
Nishimura T, Futami E, Taneichi A et al (2002) Decorin expression during development of bovine skeletalmuscle and its role in morphogenesis of the intramuscular connective tissue. Cells Tissues Organs 171, 199 – 214.
Nishimura T, Ojima K, Hattori A, Takahashi K (1997) Developmental expression of extracellular matrix components in intramuscular connective tissue of bovine semitendinosus muscle. Histochem Cell Biol 107, 215–221.
Parker K, Arkoudi A, Mottram DS, Dodson AT (2006) Aroma formation in beef muscle and beef liver. J Anim Sci 45, 333-350.
Pietrasik Z (1999) Effect of cotent of protein, fat and modified starch on binding textural characteristics and color of comminuted scalded sausages.  J Meat Sci 51, 17-25.
Pym RA, Johnson RJ, Etse DB, Eason P (1991) Inheritance of plasma insulin-like growth factor-I and growth rate, food intake, food efficiency and abdominal fatness in chickens. J Br Poult Sci 32, 285–293.
Qiao C, Li J, Zheng H et al. (2009) Hydrodynamic limb vein injection of adeno-associated virus serotype 8 vector carrying canine myostatin propeptide gene into normal dogs enhances muscle growth. Hum Gene Ther 20, 1–10.
Rahimi Sh, Esmaeilzadeh L, Karimi Torshizi M (2006) Comparison of growth performance of six commercial broiler hybrids in Iran. Iran J Vet Res 7, 2-15.
Reddish JM, Lilburn MS (2004) A comparison of growth and development pattern in diverse genotype of broiler 1. Male broiler growth. J Poult  Sci 83, 1067-1071.
Roberts AB, Sporn MB (1985) Transforming growth factors. J Cancer Surv 4, 683–705.
Roberts PCB, Lawrie RA (1974) Effects of bovine L. Dorsi muscle of convectional and microwave heatinga. J Food Technol 9, 345-356.
SAS Users Guide (2007) Version 9.1 ed. SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC.
Scanes CG, Dunnington, EA, Buonomo, FC et al (1989) Plasma concentrations of insulin like growth factors (IGF-) I and IGF-II in dwarf and normal chickens of high and low weight selected lines. J Growth Dev Aging 53, 151-157.
Scanes CG, Thommes RC, Radecki SV et al. (1997) Ontogenic changes in the circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF-II and IGFbinding proteins in the chicken embryo. J Gen Comp Endocrinol 106, 265-270.
Schuelke M, Wagner KR, Stolz LE et al (2004) Myostatin mutation associated with gross muscle hypertrophy in a child. N Engl J Med 350, 2682–2688.
Shahsavari M, Mohammadabadi M, Khezri A et al (2021) Correlation between insulin-like growth factor 1 gene expression and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) seed powder consumption in muscle of sheep. Anim Biotechnol 1-11.
Shariatmadari F, Rezaei MJ, Lotfollahian H (2003) Comparing production traits performances of Commercial broiler Chickens in Iran. Vet Res Biol Prod 67, 68-74 (In Persian).
Simela L (2005) Meat characteristics and acceptability of Chevon from South African Village goats. J Meat Sci 52, 78-86.
Souza DP, Souza DH, Brogoni E (1994) Growth and carcass characters in different commercial broiler strains. Revst Da Sociedad Brasileira De Zoote Chia. 23, 782–791.
Stewart CE, Rotwein P (1996) Growth, differentiation, and survival: Multiple physiological functions for insulinlike growth factors. J Physiol Rev 76, 1005–1026.
Strydom PE, Naude PT, Smith MF et al (2000) Characteristics of Village African cattle breeds in relation to meat quality traits. J Meat Sci 55, 79-88.
Takahashi K (1996) Structural weaking of skeletal muscle tissue during postmortem ageing of meat: The non-enzymatic mechanism of meat tenderization. J Meat Sci 43, 567-580.
Taketa Y, Nagai Y, Ogasawara H et al (2008) Differential expression of myostatin and its receptor in the porcine anterior pituitary gland. J Anim Sci 79, 382–390.
Tanaka M, Hayashida Y, Sakaguchi K et al (1996) Growth hormone–independent expression of insulin-like growth factor I messenger ribonucleic acid in extrahepatic tissues of the chicken. J Endocrinology 137, 30–34.
Vaidya TB, Rhodes SJ, Taparowsky EJ, Konieczny SF (1989) Fibroblast growth factor and transforming growth factorbeta repress transcription of the myogenic regulatory gene MyoD1. J Mol Cell Biol 9, 3576–3579.
Velleman SG (2007) Muscle development in the embryo and hatchling. J Poult Sci 86, 1050-1054.
Velleman SG, Yeager JD, Krider H et al (1996) The avian low score normal muscle weakness alters decorin expression and collagen crosslinking. J Connect Tissue Res 34, 33–39.                   
Welle S, Burgess K, Thornton CA, Tawil R (2009) Relation between extent of myostatin depletion and muscle growth in mature mice. Am J Physiol-Endoc M. 297, E935–E940.
Xiong YL (1997) Structure-function realationships of muscle protein and food proteins and their applications.  J Food Sci 86, 151-161.
Yasui T, Ishioroshi M, Samejima K (1980) Heat induced gelation of myosin in the presence of actin. J Food Biochem 4, 61-80.