Revolutionizing nanoparticle-mediated cancer immunotherapy through genetic engineering advances

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy, Kalinga University, Naya Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India.

2 Assistant Professor Department of Pharmacy, Kalinga University, Naya Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India.

Abstract

Over the course of evolution, the immune system has finely tuned itself into a formidable defense mechanism against infectious agents. A fundamental aspect of its functionality lies in the ability to discern between self and nonself, crucial for triggering immune responses. However, cancer disrupts this equilibrium, characterized by aberrations in the DNA code that empower cells to proliferate uncontrollably while evading immune surveillance. Immunotherapy emerges as a promising avenue, seeking to train the immune system to identify and eradicate these rogue cancer cells, thereby presenting a novel strategy in the battle against cancer. Despite the effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitors across various advanced cancer types, the overall response rate in individuals undergoing such treatments hovers around thirty percent. Recognizing the need for advancements, recent research delves into nanoparticle-based approaches aimed at enhancing cancer therapies and vaccinations. The focus centers on developing biotechnology that employs durable artificial nanoparticles to transform cancerous cells into tumor-based Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs). This transformative process involves stimulating coexpression of costimulatory molecules and immunostimulatory cytokines. What distinguishes this nanomedicine is its capacity to induce a generalized tumor-specific and cell-mediated immune response without assuming specific antigens expressed by tumors. This innovation holds tremendous potential for advancement in translational medicine, offering a versatile and adaptive solution to the challenges posed by cancer immunotherapies. By leveraging the capabilities of artificial nanoparticles, researchers aspire to elevate the efficacy of cancer treatments and propel the field towards a new era of more targeted and potent interventions. In conclusion, the intricate interplay between the immune system and cancer underscores the necessity for innovative therapeutic approaches. The exploration of nanoparticle-based strategies represents a frontier in cancer research, holding the promise of refining immunotherapies and ushering in a new era of precision medicine for the benefit of patients grappling with this complex and formidable disease.

Keywords

References

Bray F, Laversanne M, Weiderpass E, et al. (2021) The ever‐increasing importance of cancer as a leading cause of premature death worldwide. Cancer 127(16), 3029-3030.
Chow A, Perica K, Klebanoff CA, et al. (2022) Clinical implications of T cell exhaustion for cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 19(12), 775-790.
Darragh LB, Karam SD (2022) Amateur antigen‐presenting cells in the tumor microenvironment. Mol Carcinog 61(2), 153-164.
Das P, Ghosh S, Ashashainy V, et al. (2023) Augmentation of anti-proliferative efficacy of quercetin encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles by induction of cell death via mitochondrial membrane permeabilization in oral cancer. Int J Biol Macromol 250, e126151.
Deng Z, Tian Y, Song J, et al. (2022) mRNA vaccines: The dawn of a new era of cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 13, 1-15.
Duan Z, Luo Y (2021) Targeting macrophages in cancer immunotherapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 6(1), 1-21.
Duffy MJ, O'Grady S, Tang M, et al. (2021) MYC as a target for cancer treatment. Cancer Treat Rev 94, 1-7.
Gong N, Sheppard NC, Billingsley MM, et al. (2021) Nanomaterials for T-cell cancer immunotherapy. Nat Nanotechnol 16(1), 25-36.
Isser A, Livingston NK, Schneck JP (2021) Biomaterials to enhance antigen-specific T cell expansion for cancer immunotherapy. Biomater 268, 1-50
Li L, Miao Q, Meng F, et al. (2021) Genetic engineering cellular vesicles expressing CD64 as checkpoint antibody carrier for cancer immunotherapy. Theranostics 11(12), 6033-6043.
Li P, Jia L, Bian X, et al. (2023) Application of Engineered Dendritic Cell Vaccines in Cancer Immunotherapy: Challenges and Opportunities. Curr Treat Options Oncol 1, 1-17.
Li YR, Zhou Y, Kramer A, et al. (2021) Engineering stem cells for cancer immunotherapy. Trends Cancer 7(12), 1059-1073.
Lichter AS (2021) The treatment of breast cancer with excision followed by radiation therapy. Breast Cancer Collab Mgmt 137-156, CRC Press. 
Lin M, Yang Z, Yang Y, et al. (2022) CRISPR-based in situ engineering tumor cells to reprogram macrophages for effective cancer immunotherapy. Nano Today 42.
Liu S, Galat V, Galat Y, et al. (2021) NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy: from basic biology to clinical development. J Hematol Oncol 14, 1-17.
Marofi F, Abdul‐Rasheed OF, Rahman HS, et al. (2021) CAR‐NK cell in cancer immunotherapy; A promising frontier. Cancer Sci 112(9), 3427-3436.
Raskov H, Orhan A, Christensen JP, et al. (2021) Cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in cancer and cancer immunotherapy. Br J Cancer 124(2), 359-367.
Sušac L, Vuong MT, Thomas C, et al. (2022) Structure of a fully assembled tumor-specific T cell receptor ligated by pMHC. Cell 185(17), 3201-3213.
Yang P, Meng M, Zhou Q (2021) Oncogenic cancer/testis antigens are a hallmarker of cancer and a sensible target for cancer immunotherapy. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)- Rev Cancer 1876(1), 1-9.
Agricultural Biotechnology Journal
Volume 16, Issue 1
February 2024
Pages 267-282

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics