The role of phosphorus, potassium and calcium on in vitro culture of lily bulblet

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Corresponding author. Assistant Professor, Department of Horticulture, University of Jiroft

2 MSc Student, Department of Horticulture, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Objective
Lily is known as the third main bulbous flower in the world that used for cut flowers and pots. Bulblet as a staple procedure is known for propagation of this plant. Due to the high performance of in vitro bulblets regeneration, the use of this method can reduce the costs production of this plant and also reduction of water and soil pollution due to minimizing the field area for ex vitro propagation. The size of lily bulblets produced in vitro is smaller than ex vitro propagated bulblets. For this purpose, several concentrations of phosphorus, potassium and calcium were used to investigate their role on lily bulblet growth under in vitro condition.
 
Materials and methods
In this experiment, ‘Santander’ cultivar was used for bulblet growth of lily. For this purpose, the effect of five strength (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3) of macro elements (phosphorus, potassium and calcium) based on MS medium on bulblet regeneration percentage, bulblet number, bulblet fresh weight, scale explant fresh weight, and fresh weight of leaf and root was surveyed.
 
Results
The results of the experiment clearly showed the effect of all three elements on the growth of bulblet, so that the limitation of any of the elements (0 strength) caused serious disorders in all explants.  With increasing the concentration of the studied elements, the bulblet regeneration percentage increased significantly. The maximum in vitro bulblet regeneration percentage (95.3 %) was found in explants grown on medium supplemented with double-strength of phosphorous. All three macroelementsnotably phosphorus played a major role on lily bulblets growth. According to results, application of double-strength of phosphorus caused the highest number of bulblet compared to test with 11.6. A considerable decrement in the fresh weight of leaves (16 g) and roots (10 g) was observed in the absence of calcium in the culture medium.
 
Conclusions
In general, phosphorus and calcium play a vital role in the regeneration of lily bulblets in vitro, so that on the one hand, double-strength of phosphorus had the highest amount of bulblet regeneration and fresh weight of the bulblets and on the other hand, shortage of calcium had the lowest amount in all parameters. So it is recommended to increase the concentrations of above mentioned macroelementsfor obtaining bigger bulblets.

Keywords


Askari N, Aliniaeifard S, Visser RGF (2022) Low CO2 levels are detrimental for in vitro plantlets through disturbance of photosynthetic functionality and accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Horticulturae 8, e44.
Askari N, De Klerk GJ (2020) Elimination of epidermal wax from explants increases growth in tissue culture of lily. Sci Hortic 274, 109637.
Askari N, Visser RGF (2022) The role of scale explants in the growth of regenerating lily bulblets in vitro. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 149, 589–598.
Askari N, Visser RGF, de Klerk GJ (2016) Advantageous effects of mild abiotic stresses in lily cultured in vitro. Propag Ornam Plant 16, 130–136.
Askari N, Visser RGF, Klerk G De (2018) Growth of lily bulblets in vitro, a review. Int J Hortic Sci Technol 5, 133–143.
Askari N, Wang YG, de Klerk GJ (2014) In tissue culture of Lilium explants may become heavily contaminated by the standard initiation procedure. Propag Ornam Plants 14, 49–56.
Azeri FN, Öztürk G (2021) Microbulb and plantlet formation of a native bulbous flower, Lilium monodelphum M. Bieb, var. Armenum, through tissue culture propagation. Biotechnol Reports 32
Bahr LR, Compton ME (2004) Competence for in vitro bulblet regeneration among eight Lilium genotypes. Hort Sci 39,127–129.
Bairu MW, Stirk WA, van Staden J (2009) Factors contributing to in vitro shoot-tip necrosis and their physiological interactions. Plant Cell. Tissue Organ Cult 98, 239–248.
Bakhshaie M, Khosravi S, Azadi P, et al (2016) Biotechnological advances in Lilium. Plant Cell Rep 35, 1799–1826.
Bala A, Sharma P, Dhiman SR, Gupta YC (2018) Effect of calcium nitrate on propagation of LA hybrid lilies through scaling. Indian J Hortic 75, 723–727.
Barghchi M, Alderson PG (1996) The control of shoot tip necrosis in Pistacia vera L. in vitro. Plant Growth Regul 20, 31–35.
Barrera-Aguilar E, Valdez-Aguilar LA, Castillo-González AM, et al. (2013) Potassium nutrition in Lilium: Critical concentrations, photosynthesis, water potential, leaf anatomy, and nutrient status. Hort Sci 48, 1537–1542.
Behzadi Rad P, Roozban MR, Karimi S, et al. (2021) Osmolyte accumulation and sodium compartmentation has a key role in salinity tolerance of pistachios rootstocks. Agriculture 11(8), e708.‏
Carstensen A, Herdean A, Schmidt SB, et al. (2018) The impacts of phosphorus deficiency on the photosynthetic electron transport chain. Plant Physiol 177(1), 271-284.‏
Chen R, Song S, Li X, et al. (2013) Phosphorus deficiency restricts plant growth but induces pigment formation in the flower stalk of Chinese kale. Hortic Environ Biotechnol 54(3), 243-248.‏
Divito GA, Sadras VO (2014) How do phosphorus, potassium and sulphur affect plant growth and biological nitrogen fixation in crop and pasture legumes? A meta-analysis. Field Crop Res 156, 161-171.‏
Hafsi C, Debez A, Abdelly C (2014) Potassium deficiency in plants: effects and signaling cascades. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 36(5), 1055-1070.‏
Kanai S, Moghaieb RE, El-Shemy HA, et al. (2011) Potassium deficiency affects water status and photosynthetic rate of the vegetative sink in green house tomato prior to its effects on source activity. Plant Sci 180(2), 368-374.‏
Langens-Gerrits M, Lilien-Kipnis H, Croes T, et al. (1997) Bulb growth in lily regenerated in vitro. Acta Hortic 430, 267–273.
Langens-Gerrits MM, Miller WBM, Croes AF, De Klerk GJ (2003) Effect of low temperature on dormancy breaking and growth after planting in lily bulblets regenerated in vitro. Plant Growth Regul 40, 267–275.
Malhotra H, Vandana, Sharma S, Pandey R (2018) Phosphorus nutrition: Plant growth in response to deficiency and excess. In: Plant Nutrients and Abiotic Stress Tolerance. Springer Singapore, pp 171–190
Murashige T, Skoog F (1962) A revised medium for rapid growth and bio assays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol Plant 15, 473–497.
Niedziela CE, Kim SH, Nelson PV, De Hertogh AA (2008) Effects of N-P-K deficiency and temperature regime on the growth and development of Lilium longiflorum “Nellie White” during bulb production under phytotron conditions. Sci Hortic 116, 430–436.
Pumisutapon P (2012) Apical dominance and growth in vitro of Alstroemeria. PhD Thesis, Wageningen University and research. pp. 17-31.
Rakesh B, Sudheer WN, Nagella P (2021) Role of polyamines in plant tissue culture: An overview. Plant Cell. Tissue Organ Cult 145, 487–506.
Römheld V (2012) Diagnosis of deficiency and toxicity of nutrients. In Marschner's mineral nutrition of higher plants (pp. 299-312). Academic press.‏
Sahari Moghaddam A, Nasir SS, Moghaddam S, Nasir S (2020) Evaluation of the Effect of Different Potassium Concentrations in Nutrient Solution on Growth and Postharvest Life of Lily Flowers (Lilium spp.) in Hydroponic. J Ornam Plants 10, 253–262.
Sahoo MR, Devi MP, Dasgupta M, et al (2018) An efficient protocol for in vitro regeneration and conservation of Shirui lily (Lilium mackliniae Sealy): a lab-to-land approach to save the rare endangered Asiatic lily species. Vitr Cell Dev Biol - Plant 54, 701–710.
Saito S, Uozumi N (2020) Calcium-Regulated Phosphorylation Systems Controlling Uptake and Balance of Plant Nutrients. Front. Plant Sci 11, e44.
Sardans J, Peñuelas J (2021) Potassium control of plant functions: Ecological and agricultural implications. Plants 10, 1–31.
Seyedi N, Torkashvand AM, Allahyari MS, et al (2013) Investigating of the Effects of Calcium Concentration under Hydroponic Conditions on Quantitative and Qualitative Growth of Lilium ‘Tresor. J Ornam Plants 3, 19–24.
Shibli RA, Sawwan J, Swaidat I, Tahat M (2001) Increased phosphorus mitigates the adverse effects of salinity in tissue culture. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 32, 429–440.
Sustr M, Soukup A, Tylova E (2019) Potassium in root growth and development. Plants 8, e435.
Varshney A, Sharma MP, Adholeya A, et al. (2002) Enhanced growth of micropropagated bulblets of Lilium sp. inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi at different P fertility levels in an alfisol. J Hortic Sci Biotechnol 77, 258–263.
Yan-long Z, Qi-xiang Z, Xiao-na XUE (2010) The Effects of the Photoperiods on the Bulblet Formation and Sugar Metabolism Change of Wild Lilium lancifolium in Vitro. Acta Hortic Sin 6, 957 -962.
Xu C, Li X, Zhang L (2013) The effect of calcium chloride on growth, photosynthesis, and antioxidant responses of Zoysia japonica under drought conditions. PloS one 8(7), e68214.‏
Zhao D, Oosterhuis DM, Bednarz CW (2001) Influence of potassium deficiency on photosynthesis, chlorophyll content, and chloroplast ultrastructure of cotton plants. Photosynthetica 39(1), 103-109.‏
Zhang J, Gai MZ, Xue BY, et al. (2017) The use of miRNAs as reference genes for miRNA expression normalization during Lilium somatic embryogenesis by real-time reverse transcription PCR analysis. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 129, 105–118.
Zhang R, Li C, Fu K, et al. (2018) Phosphorus alters starch morphology and gene expression related to starch biosynthesis and degradation in wheat grain. Front Plant Sci 8, 2252.