Bacillus subtilis and its role in biological control of plant pathogens

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Al-Mussaib Technical College, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, 51009 Babylon, Iraq.

10.22103/jab.2025.25589.1736

Abstract

Objective
The increasing request for sustainable agriculture and reduced chemical pesticide apply has driven interest in eco-friendly alternatives to control plant pathogens. Among biological agents, Bacillus subtilis has emerged as a hopeful biocontrol agent due to its diverse mechanisms of action, containing antibiotic production, induction of systemic resistance in plants, and plant growth promotion. This review aims to examine the biological and ecological characteristics of B. subtilis, its mechanisms in suppressing plant pathogens, and summarize recent research on its effectiveness as a biocontrol agent.
Materials and Methods
This review synthesized results from a broad range of peer-reviewed investigations, field experiments, and laboratory trials centralized on the applying of B. subtilis against fungal, bacterial, and viral plant pathogens. Key mechanisms of action were analyzed, containing rhizosphere colonization, antibiotic production, induction of systemic resistance (ISR), and growth-promoting traits. Specific case investigations and commercial applications were reviewed to prepare a comprehensive perspective on the organism’s potential and limitations in integrated pest management programs.
Results
Bacillus subtilis demonstrated high effectiveness in suppressing major plant pathogens like Fusarium spp., Rhizoctonia solani, Phytophthora infestans, and Ralstonia solanacearum through multiple synergistic mechanisms. The bacterium generates over 66 known antibiotics (e.g., surfactin, fengycin, subtilin), hydrolytic enzymes like chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase, and forms robust biofilms in the rhizosphere, enhancing its colonization capability. ISR triggered by B. subtilis involves improved expression of defense-related enzymes and hormone pathways, notably jasmonic acid and ethylene. Furthermore, B. subtilis enhances nutrient uptake, nitrogen fixation, and stress resilience in plants. Field investigations and commercial formulations (e.g., Kodiak, Serenade, Subtilex) affirm its effectiveness under varied environmental conditions. The reviewed evidence supports its broad-spectrum antifungal and plant growth-promoting effects.
Conclusions
Bacillus subtilis shows a powerful, environmentally safe tool for the biological control of plant pathogens and the enhancement of crop productivity. Its multifaceted role in disease suppression, plant defense activation, and soil health improvement positions it as a key component of sustainable agriculture. Adoption of B. subtilis-based biocontrol products aligns with global goals for reducing chemical pesticide reliance, promoting organic farming, and achieving long-term agricultural sustainability without adverse ecological or health effects.

Keywords

References

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Agricultural Biotechnology Journal
Volume 17, Issue 3
August 2025
Pages 293-312

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