بررسی تولید بیودیزل از ریز جلبک Dunaliella salina پرورش یافته در محیط کشت گیلارد (f/2) اصلاح شده با عناصر کمیاب

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه شیلات، دانشکده علوم دامی و شیلات، دانشگاه علوم‌کشاورزی ‌و منابع طبیعی ساری

2 گروه شیلات، دانشکده علوم دامی و شیلات، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران

3 گروه تکثیر و پرورش آبزیان، دانشکده شیلات و محیط زیست، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران

4 گروه پاتوبیولوژی و کنترل کیفیت، پژوهشکده آرتمیا و آبزی پروری، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه ایران

چکیده

هدف: این مطالعه به منظور ارزیابی اثرات عناصر کمیاب بر رشد، محتوای روغن، پروفایل اسید‌های چرب و خواص سوخت بیودیزل جلبک Dunaliella salina انجام شد.
مواد و روش‌ها: سلول‌های D. salina در محیط کشت گیلارد (f/2) با شوری 117 گرم بر لیتر و با 19 تیمار غذای حاوی درصد‌های مختلف از عناصر کمیاب (25،، 50 و 75 درصد از غلظت اولیه محیط کشت گیلارد برای هر عنصر) و با 3 تکرار، رشد کردند. در انتهای آزمایش، وزن خشک، میزان چربی، اسید‌های چرب و خواص سوخت بیودیزل اندازه‌گیری شدند.
نتایج: وزن خشک جلبک به طور قابل توجهی تحت تأثیر غلظت‌های عناصر کمیاب قرار گرفت. حداکثر زیست توده جلبک و محتوای چربی در غلظت مس 75 درصد به مقدار23/98 ± 08/1425 میلی‌گرم بر لیتر و32/5 ± 374 میلی‌گرم بر زیست توده مشاهده شد که نسبت به تیمار شاهد افزایش چند برابری را نشان داد (05/0<P). اکثر متیل استر‌های اسید چرب بین C14-18 و C22:1n9 قرار داشتند. در تیمار کبالت 25 درصد بالاترین عدد ستان (69/82) و پاین‌ترین عدد ید (45/123) مشاهده شد که دارای تفاوت معنی‌دار با تیمار شاهد بود (05/0<P). بالاترین مقدار درجه غیراشباعیت در تیمار منگنز 25 درصد بصورت معنی‌دار مشاهد شد (05/0<P). بیشترین و کمترین میزان CFPP در تیمار کبالت 75 درصد (50/4 درجه سلسیوس) و کبالت 25 درصد (86/2- درجه سلسیوس) مشاهده شد که نسبت به تمیار شاهد دارای تفاوت معنی‌داری بودند (05/0<P).
نتیجه‌گیری: بیودیزل با کیفیت بالای به دست آمده از زیست توده جلبک D. salina رشد یافته در تیمار کبالت 25 درصد (عدد ستان بالاتر و اسید‌های چرب بلند زنجیره غیر اشباع پایین‌تر)، امکان کشت انبوه آن را برای تولید بیودیزل دارد چراکه با وجود تولید زیست توده کمتر، میزان چربی (92/197 میلی‌گرم بر زیست توده کل) بیشتر از تیمار شاهد (44/193 میلی‌گرم بر زیست توده کل) تولید می‌کند. حتی زیست توده جلبک D. salina که در معرض کمبود برخی از عناصر کمیاب قرار گرفته بود، توانای رشد به اندازه تیمار شاهد (همانند تیمار‌های روی، منگنز، کبالت و مولیبدات 75 درصد) و یا بیشتر (تیمار مس 75 درصد با مقدار زیست توده 08/1425 میلی‌گرم وزن خشک) را نشان داد. پتانسیل استفاده از محیط کشت گیلارد (f/2) تغیر یافته در بخش عناصر کمیاب می‌تواند در طول دوره پرورش بدون اینکه میزان زیادی از زیست توده را از دست بدهد (مانند زمانی که از شوک عناصر پر مصرف مانند نیتروژن و فسفر برای تولید چربی استفاده می‌شود)، مقدار چربی بیشتری را نسبت به تیمار شاهد حاصل کند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigating the production of biodiesel from Dunaliella salina grown in Gaillard medium (f/2) modified with trace elements

نویسندگان [English]

  • Sakineh Yeganeh 1
  • Saeid Vahdat 2
  • Manizheh Biabani Asrami 3
  • Mehdi Nikoo 4
1 Fisheries Department , Faculty of Animal Science and Fisheries, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University
2 Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Animal Science &amp; Fisheries, Sari Agricultural Sciences &amp; Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
3 Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries & Environmental sciences, Gorgan Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources University, Gorgan, Iran.
4 Department of Pathobiology and Quality Control, Artemia and Aquaculture Research Institute, Urmia University, Urmia Iran
چکیده [English]

Objective
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of trace elements on growth, oils content, fatty acid profiles, and biodiesel properties of Dunaliella salina.
Materials and methods
Algae cells were grown in Guillard medium (f/2) with a salinity of 117 g/L and with 19 nutrient treatments containing different concentrations of trace elements (25, 50 and 75% of the initial concentration of Guillard medium), with 3 repetitions. At the end of the experiment, dry weight and some selected growth parameters, lipids content, fatty acids, and biodiesel fuel properties were determined.
Results
Dry weight of algae was significantly influenced by addition levels of trace elements. The maximum algal biomass and fat content were observed in CuSO4 with 75% of standard concentration (1425.1 mg/L and 374 mg/biomass, respectively) and was significantly higher than the control treatment (P < 0.05). Majority of the fatty acid methyl esters were between C14-18 and C22:1n9., The highest cetane number (82.7) and the lowest iodine value (123.5) were found in CoCl2 with 25% of the standard concentration treatment (P < 0.05). Among all treatments, the highest degree of unsaturation was observed in the 25% manganese treatment (P<0.05). The highest and lowest amount of CFPP was observed in cobalt 75% (4.50°C) and cobalt 25% (-2.86°C) treatments, respectively; being significantly higher than the control treatment (P<0.05). Conclusions
High-quality biodiesel that was obtained from D. salina grown in CoCl2 with 25% of the standard concentration (higher cetane number and lower long-chain unsaturated fatty acids) showed the great potential for biodiesel production due to higher lipids content (197.92 mg/total biomass) than the control treatment (193.44 mg/total biomass) from lower mass quantity. The exposure of D. salina to trace elements deficiency revealed the ability of this algae to grow the same rate as control (in case of zinc, manganese, cobalt, and molybdate treatments 75%) or even higher growth (75% copper; 1425.1 mg/d.w.). The use of modified Guillard medium (f/2) could be beneficial during the cultivation period of D. salina to prevent biomass loss to some degree (e.g.  nitrogen and phosphorus shock), resulting in higher lipids production.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Trace elements
  • Algae Biomass
  • Biofuel
  • Fatty acids
Alexova R, Fujii M, Birch D, et al. (2011) Iron uptake & toxin synthesis in the bloom-forming Microcystis aeruginosa under iron limitation. Environ Microbiol 13, 1064–1077.
Álvarez-Díaz PD, Ruiz J, Arbib Z, et al. (2015) Wastewater treatment & biodiesel production by Scenedesmus obliquus in a two-stage cultivation process. Bioresour Technol 181, 90–96.
AOAC (2005) AOAC official method In, Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. 18th ed. AOAC International Gaithersburg.
ASTM 6751 (2002) Standard Specification for Biodiesel Fuel (B100) Blend Stock for Distillate Fuels.
Baptista MS, Vasconcelos MT (2006) Cyanobacteria metal interactions, Requirements toxicity & ecological implications. Crit Rev Microbiol 32, 127–137.
Bumbak F, Cook S, Zachleder V, et al. (2011) Best practices in heterotrophic high-cell density microalgal processes, achievements potential & possible limitations. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 91, 31-46.
Burnat M, Diestra E, Esteve I, Solé A (2009) In situ determination of the e?ects of lead & copper on cyanobacterial populations in microcosms. PLoS One 4, e6204.
Chisti Y (2007) Biodiesel from microalgae. Biotechnol Adv 25,294–306.
Dai A (2013) Increasing drought under global warming in observations & models. Nat Clim Change 3, 52–58.
Demirbas A (1982) Fuel properties & calculation of higher heating values of vegetable oils. Fuel 17(9), 11-122.
Francisco EC, Neves DB, Jacob‐Lopes E, Franco TT (2010) Microalgae as feedstock for biodiesel production, carbon dioxide sequestration lipid production & biofuel quality. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 85(3), 395-403.
Frankel EN (1998) Lipid Oxidation. The Oily Press Dundee UK.
Gismondi A, Pippo FD, Bruno L, Antonaroli S, Congestri R (2016) Phosphorus removal coupled to bioenergy production by three cyanobacterial isolates in a biofilm dynamic growth system. Int J Phytoremediation 18(9), 869-876.
Glass JB, Axler RP, Chara S, Goldman CR (2012) Molybdenum limitation of microbial nitrogen assimilation in aquatic ecosystems & pure cultures. Front Microbiol 3, 1–11.
Glass JB, Wolfe-Simon F, Elser JJ, Anbar AD (2010) Molybdenum-nitrogen co-limitation in freshwater & coastal heterocystous cyanobacteria. Limnol Oceanogr 55, 667–676.
Guillard RRL (1973) Division rates In, Stein J R ed H & book of Physiological Methods, Culture Methods & Growth Measurements. Cambridge University Press Cambridge 289-312.
Helliwell KE, Lawrence AD, Holzer A, et al. (2016) Cyanobacteria & Eukaryotic Algae Use Different Chemical Variants of Vitamin B12. Curr Biol 26, 999–1008.
Hirano K, Hara T, Ardianor et al. (2019) Detection of the oil-producing microalga Botryococcus braunii in natural freshwater environments by targeting the hydrocarbon biosynthesis gene SSL-3. Sci Rep 9, 16974.
Iyer R (2016) The issue of reducing or removing phospholipids from total lipids of a microalgae & an oleaginous fungus for preparing biodiesel. Biofuels 7(1), 37-47.
Knothe GH (2007) Some aspects of biodiesel oxidative stability. Fuel Process Technol 88, 669–677.
Krisnangkura KA (1986) Simple method for estimation of cetane index of vegetable oil methyl esters. J Chem Soc 63, 552–553.
Lehman JT, Bazzi A, Nosher T, Nriagu JO (2004) Copper inhibition of phytoplankton in Saginaw Bay Lake Huron. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 61, 1871–1880.
Miquel M, Browse J (1992) Arabidopsis mutants deficient in polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis, Biochemical & genetic characterization of a plant oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine desaturase. J Biol Chem 267, 1502–1509.
Mittelbach M (1996) Diesel fuel derived from vegetable oils VI, specifications & quality control of biodiesel. Bioresour Technol 56, 7–11.
Nouri H, Moghimi H, Nikbakht RM, et al. (2019) Enhanced growth & lipid production in oleaginous fungus Sarocladiumkiliense ADH17, study on fatty acid profiling & prediction of biodiesel properties. J Renew Energy 135, 10–20.
Pandey A, Srivastava S, Kumar S (2019) Isolation, screening and comprehensive characterization of candidate microalgae for biofuel feedstock production and dairy effluent treatment: A sustainable approach. Bioresour Technol 293, 121998.
Pinzi S, Garcia IL, Lopez-Gimenez FJ, et al. (2009) The ideal vegetable oil-based biodiesel composition, a review of social economical & technical implications. Energy Fuels 23, 2325-2341.
Ramos MJ, Fernández CM, Casas A, et al. (2009) Influence of fatty acid composition of raw materials on biodiesel properties. Bioresour Technol 100(1), 261-268.
Reetu, Yadav K, Vasistha S, et al. (2024) Microalgae as sustainable feedstock for biofuel production and value-added co-products. Microalgal Biomass for Bioenergy Applications. Woodhead Series in Bioenergy pp. 253-286.
Rodolfi L, Zittelli GC, Bassi N, et al. (2009) Microalgae for oil, Strain selection induction of lipid synthesis & outdoor mass cultivation in a low-cost photobioreactor. Biotechnol Bioeng 102, 100–112.
Rosli SS, Wong CY, Yunus NM, et al. (2020) Optimum interaction of light intensity and CO2 concentration in bioremediating N-rich real wastewater via assimilation into attached microalgal biomass as the feedstock for biodiesel production. Process Saf Environ Prot 141, 355-365.
Ruangsomboon S (2018) Hydrocarbon Production & Biodiesel Properties of a Green Microalga Botryococcus braunii KMITL 2 Cultivated Outdoor in Open Pond & Closed Photo-bioreactor. Chiang Mai J Sci 45(2), 668-679.
Schenk PM, Thomas-Hall SR, Stephens E, et al. (2008) Second generation biofuels,high-efficiency microalgae for biodiesel production. BioEnergy Res 1, 20–43.
Sebesta J, Xiong W, Guarnieri MT, et al. (2022) Biocontainment of Genetically Engineered Algae. Front Plant Sci 13, 1-10.
Smetana S, Sandmann M, Rohn S, et al. (2017) Autotrophic & heterotrophic microalgae & cyanobacteria cultivation for food & feed, life cycle assessment. Bioresour Technol 245, 162-170.
Soares J, Kriiger Loterio R, Rosa RM, et al. (2018) Scenedesmus sp. cultivation using commercial-grade ammonium sources. Ann Microbiol 68, 35–45.
Talebi AF, Mohtashami SK, Tabatabaei M, et al. (2013) Fatty acids profiling, a selective criterion for screening microalgae strains for biodiesel production. Algal Res 2(3), 258-267.
UNE-EN 14214 (2003) Automotive Fuels Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) for Diesel Engines Requirements & Test Methods.
Wang XW, Liang JR, Luo CS, et al. (2014) Biomass total lipid production & fatty acid composition of the marine diatom Chaetoceros muelleri in response to different CO2 levels. Bioresour Technol 161, 124–130.
Wu LF, Chen PC, Huang AP, Lee CM (2012) The feasibility of biodiesel production by microalgae using industrial wastewater. Bioresour Technol 113, 14–18.
Yang C, Jia L, Chen C, et al. (2011) Bio-Oil from Hydro-Liquefaction of Dunaliella salina over Ni/REHY Catalyst. Bioresour Technol 102, 4580–4584.
Zhang X, Li B, Xu H, et al. (2019) Effect of micronutrients on algae in different regions of Taihu a large spatially diverse hypereutrophic lake. Water Res 151, 500–514.
Zuorro A, García-Martínez JB, Barajas-Solano AF (2021) The Application of Catalytic Processes on the Production of Algae-Based Biofuels: A Review. Catalyst 11(1), 1-25.