تأثیر مقایسه‌ای Trichoderma atroviride و آفت‌کش زیستی بیوکنت در سرکوب بیماری لکه برگی نخل خرما ناشی از Alternaria alternata

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه حفاظت گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بصره، بصره، عراق

2 مرکز تحقیقات نخل خرما، دانشگاه بصره، بصره، عراق

10.22103/jab.2025.25280.1715

چکیده

هدف: کنترل زیستی قارچ‌های بیماری‌زای گیاهی، به‌ویژه با استفاده از عوامل زیستی با پتانسیل بالا یک استراتژی نویدبخش است. این مطالعه با هدف مقایسه کارایی Trichoderma atroviride و آفت‌کش زیستی بیوکنت در مهار رشد Alternaria alternata، عامل بیماری لکه برگی در نخل‌های خرما، با استفاده از Trichoderma harzianum به‌عنوان یک عامل زیستی مقایسه‌ای انجام شد.
مواد و روش‌ها: بیماری‌زایی A. alternata بر روی برگ‌های سه رقم نخل خرما (برهی، هلاوی، سایِر) ارزیابی شد. اثرات آنتاگونیستی T. atroviride و T. harzianum علیه A. alternata در دماهای مختلف با استفاده از روش کشت دوگانه آزمایش شد. درصد مهار رشد برای عوامل زیستی و قارچ بیماری‌زا پس از 7 روز هم‌تلقیح محاسبه شد. تأثیر دما بر تعاملات آنتاگونیستی ارزیابی شد و رشد شعاعی A. alternata در دماهای 20 و 30 درجه سانتی‌گراد اندازه‌گیری شد.
نتایج: A. alternata باعث بیماری لکه برگی شد که علائم آن با لکه‌های خاکستری مایل به سیاه در سطح برگ مشخص بود. بیشترین کاهش رشد A. alternata در دمای 30 درجه سانتی‌گراد مشاهده شد، جایی که T. atroviride رشد پاتوژن را به 23/1 سانتی‌متر محدود کرد. کمترین کاهش در دمای 20 درجه سانتی‌گراد با T. harzianum رخ داد، جایی که رشد A. alternata به 03/3 سانتی‌متر رسید. بالاترین نرخ مهار (31/81 درصد) A. alternata در دمای 30 درجه سانتی‌گراد در حضور T. atroviride به‌دست آمد، در حالی که کمترین نرخ مهار (33/39 درصد) در دمای 20 درجه سانتی‌گراد با T. harzianum ثبت شد. این مطالعه تأیید کرد که گونه‌های Trichoderma متابولیت‌های ثانویه‌ای با اثرات آنتاگونیستی علیه پاتوژن‌های گیاهی تولید می‌کنند. علاوه بر این، این متابولیت‌ها می‌توانند مکانیسم‌های مقاومت در گیاهان را فعال کنند و حفاظت در برابر بیماری‌ها را تقویت کنند.
نتیجه‌گیری: یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهند که گونه‌های Trichoderma متابولیت‌های ثانویه متنوعی تولید می‌کنند که در سرکوب پاتوژن‌های گیاهی مؤثر هستند. T. atroviride در دمای 30 درجه سانتی‌گراد مهار برتری نسبت به A. alternata در مقایسه با T. harzianum نشان داد که کمترین مهار را در دمای 20 درجه سانتی‌گراد داشت. این نتایج از انتخاب T. atroviride به‌عنوان یک عامل کنترل زیستی مؤثر برای کاهش بیماری لکه برگی نخل خرما حمایت می‌کند. این مطالعه پتانسیل توسعه عوامل کنترل زیستی مبتنی بر T. atroviride را که با شرایط محیطی کشت نخل خرما سازگار هستند، پیشنهاد می‌کند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The comparative effect of the Trichoderma atroviride and biopesticide Biocont in suppressing date palm leaf spot disease caused by Alternaria alternata

نویسندگان [English]

  • Najlaa Hussein Mohammed 1
  • Alaa Naser Ahmed 2
1 Plant Protection Department, Agriculture College, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
2 Date Palm Research Center, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq.
چکیده [English]

Objective
Biological control of phytopathogenic fungi is a hopeful plan, exclusively applying high-potency bioagents. This investigation aimed to compare the effectiveness of Trichoderma atroviride and the biopesticide Biocont in preventing the growth of Alternaria alternata, the causal agent of leaf spot disease in date palms, with Trichoderma harzianum as a comparative bioagent.

Materials and Methods
The pathogenicity of A. alternata was evaluated on leaves of three date palm cultivars (Barhi, Halawi, Sayer). The antagonistic effects of T. atroviride and T. harzianum against A. alternata were experimented at different temperatures applying the dual culture method. The percentage of growth prevention was calculated for the biological agents and the pathogenic fungus after 7 days of co-inoculation. The impression of temperature on the antagonistic interactions was evaluated, calculating the radial growth of A. alternata at 20°C and 30°C.

Results
A. alternata created leaf spot disease, with symptoms described by blackish-gray spots spreading across the leaf surface. The highest reduction in A. alternata growth was observed at 30°C, where T. atroviride restricted pathogen growth to 1.23 cm. The lowest reduction occurred at 20°C with T. harzianum, where A. alternata growth reached 3.03 cm. The highest prevention rate of A. alternata (81.31%) was achieved at 30°C in the presence of T. atroviride, while the lowest prevention rate (39.33%) was document at 20°C with T. harzianum. This investigation affirmed that Trichoderma species generate secondary metabolites with antagonistic effects against plant pathogens. Additionally, these metabolites can activate resistance mechanisms in plants, enhancing protection against diseases.

Conclusions
The results demonstrate that Trichoderma species synthesize diverse secondary metabolites effective in suppressing plant pathogens. T. atroviride exhibited superior prevention of A. alternata at 30°C compared to T. harzianum, which showed the lowest prevention at 20°C. These results support the selection of T. atroviride as an effective biological control agent for reducing date palm leaf spot disease. The investigation suggests potential for developing T. atroviride-based biocontrol agents tailored to the environmental situations of date palm cultivation.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Biological control
  • date palm
  • plant resistance
  • secondary metabolites

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مجله بیوتکنولوژی کشاورزی
دوره 17، شماره 3
شهریور 1404
صفحه 135-152

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