پتانسیل محافظت نوری عصاره برنج سیاه: پروفایل‌سازی LC-MS/MS و بهینه‌سازی کرم

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه فناوری و علوم دارویی، دانشگاه المریسه مدنی، ماکاسار، اندونزی

2 گروه زیست‌شناسی دارویی، دانشگاه المریسه مدنی، ماکاسار، اندونزی

3 گروه فارماکوتراپی، دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگاه پالانگکارایا، پالانگکارایا، اندونزی

چکیده

هدف: هدف از این مطالعه، شناسایی پروفایل فیتوشیمیایی عصاره برنج سیاه (Oryza sativa L.) با استفاده از روش LC-MS/MS، تعیین و ارزیابی فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی و فعالیت محافظت نوری در شرایط in vitro، و فرمولاسیون و بهینه‌سازی یک کرم امولسیون روغن در آب حاوی عصاره برنج سیاه به‌عنوان یک عامل طبیعی محافظت‌کننده در برابر نور بود.
مواد و روش‌ها: دانه‌های برنج سیاه جمع‌آوری‌شده از منطقه نورث توراجا در اندونزی ابتدا با حلال هیدرواتانولی به روش ماسراسیون استخراج شدند و سپس با استفاده از تکنیک LC-MS/MS مورد شناسایی ترکیبات قرار گرفتند. این روش به‌منظور شناسایی ترکیبات اصلی فیتوشیمیایی عصاره به کار گرفته شد. فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی، میزان کل ترکیبات فنولی و فلاونوئیدی، و فعالیت محافظت نوری عصاره در غلظت‌های مختلف با استفاده از روش DPPH و اسپکتروفتومتری UV–Vis ارزیابی گردید. پایه کرم با استفاده از طراحی آماری Simplex Lattice Design و با در نظر گرفتن اسید استئاریک، تری‌اتانول‌آمین (TEA) و گلیسرین به‌عنوان متغیرهای مستقل و با هدف دستیابی به محدوده مناسب pH و ویسکوزیته بهینه‌سازی شد. سپس پایه بهینه با غلظت‌های 5/2، ۵ و ۱۰ درصد عصاره غنی‌سازی شد و کرم‌های حاصل از نظر خواص فیزیکوشیمیایی، پایداری و فاکتور محافظت در برابر آفتاب مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند.
نتایج: بازده عصاره خشک برابر با 34/11% به‌دست آمد و میزان کل فنول‌ها و فلاونوئیدها به‌ترتیب 12/2 ± 68/15 میلی‌گرم معادل اسید گالیک بر گرم عصاره (mg GAE/g) و 69/0± 56/24 میلی‌گرم معادل کوئرستین بر گرم عصاره (mg QE/g) بود. عصاره فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی قوی نشان داد و فعالیت محافظت نوری آن به‌صورت وابسته به غلظت افزایش یافت. آنالیز LC-MS/MS وجود ترکیبات پیچیده‌ای شامل پلی‌فنول‌ها و آمین‌ها/آمیدهای لیپوفیل را نشان داد. بر اساس طراحی Simplex Lattice، فرمولاسیونی شامل 10% اسید استئاریک، 3% TEA و 5/13% گلیسرین با pH حدود 1/6 و ویسکوزیته حدود 16000 سانتی‌پواز به‌عنوان فرمولاسیون بهینه شناسایی شد. کرم‌های حاوی 5/2 تا 10% عصاره از نظر pH (5/4 -6/4)، ویسکوزیته، یکنواختی و نوع امولسیون روغن در آب پایدار بودند و SPF آن‌ها تا 1/7 در غلظت 10% عصاره افزایش یافت. همچنین ویژگی‌های ارگانولپتیک قابل قبولی پس از آزمون‌های پایداری حفظ شد.
نتیجه‌گیری: عصاره برنج سیاه دارای فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی و محافظت نوری in vitro قابل توجهی است و افزودن آن به فرمولاسیون کرم روغن در آب موجب بهبود SPF و پایداری فرمولاسیون می‌شود. ترکیب شناسایی فیتوشیمیایی با LC-MS/MS و بهینه‌سازی فرمولاسیون، رویکردی مؤثر برای توسعه محصولات محافظت نوری مبتنی بر برنج سیاه و استفاده از آن به‌عنوان یک ماده فعال چندمنظوره در ضدآفتاب‌های طبیعی فراهم می‌کند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Photoprotective potential of black rice extract: LC-MS/MS profiling and cream optimization

نویسندگان [English]

  • Nur Khairi 1
  • Khairuddin Khairuddin 2
  • Marwati Marwati 2
  • Indrisari Maulita 3
  • Nisa Michrun 1
  • Nuril Irvani Fitria 2
1 Department of Pharmaceutical and Technology, Universitas Almarisah Madani, Makassar, Indonesia
2 Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Universitas Almarisah Madani, Makassar, Indonesia
3 Department of Pharmacotherapy Faculty of Medicine, Palangkaraya University, Palangkaraya, Indonesia.
چکیده [English]

Objective
Characterizing the phytochemical profile of black rice (Oryza sativa L.) extract using LC-MS/MS, determining and assessing its antioxidant and in vitro photoprotective activities, and formulating an optimized oil-in-water cream containing the extract as a natural photoprotective agent were the aims of this study.
Materials and methods
The black rice grains of North Toraja, Indonesia, were first macerated with a hydroethanolic solvent and then further characterized using LC-MS/MS. This technology is expected to resolve the major phytochemical constituents of the extract. Antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and photoprotective activities were determined using the DPPH spectrophotometry and UV-Vis spectrophotometry, respectively, at various concentrations of the extract. A cream base was optimized using Simplex Lattice Design with stearic acid, triethanolamine (TEA), and glycerin as the independent variables, targeting appropriate ranges of pH and viscosity. The optimized base was then loaded with 2.5, 5, and 10% of the extract and the resulting creams were evaluated for physicochemical properties, stability, and SPF.
Results
The total amount of dry extract yielding 11.34% and total phenolic and flavonoid were 15.68 ± 2.12 mg GAE/g and 24.56 ± 0.69 mg QE/g, respectively. The extract was proven to have strong activity as an antioxidant and exhibited activity in a concentration-dependent manner on photoprotection where the SPF values increased from 6.90 to 15.5 and %Te and %Tp decreased at varying concentrations. A complex composition of extracts obtainable by LC-MS/MS including several polyphenols and lipophilic amines/amides was revealed. From the simplex Lattice Design, in a formulation comprising stearic acid 10%, 3% TEA, and 13.5% glycerin, having pH ≈ 6.1, viscosity ≈ 16,000 cPs were achieved and found to be in good agreement with the model predictions. The formulation of the creams with an extract concentration of 2.5 to 10 % was found to be stable and retained pH 4.5 to 4.6, viscosity, and homogeneity as well as the type of emulsion in O/W in the order of 5.7 SPF to 7.1 at 10% extract for the baseline at 10%, usable organoleptic properties after conducting stability tests.
Conclusion
The antioxidant and in vitro photoprotective activities of Black rice extract and its stability in O/W cream base formulation SPFs was enhanced. The combination of phytochemicals LC-MS/MS and formulation optimization streams the approach for black rice photoprotective products and as a multifunctional active ingredient in natural sunscreen products.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • antioxidant activity
  • black rice (Oryza sativa L.)
  • cream formulation optimization
  • LC-MS/MS
  • photoprotective activity

مراجع

Baldisserotto, A., Buso, P., Radice, M., Dissette, V., Lampronti, I., Gambari, R., & Vertuani, S. (2018). Moringa oleifera leaf extracts as multifunctional ingredients for “natural and organic” sunscreens and photoprotective preparations. Molecules, 23(3), Article 664. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23030664
Banerjee, R., Gupta, B., Kar, A., Bhardwaj, P., Sharma, N., Haldar, P., & Mukherjee, P. (2023). Quality evaluation of different black rice varieties of northeastern region of India. Phytochemical Analysis, 34(5), 507–517. https://doi.org/10.1002/pca.3230
Baptista, S., & Freitas, F. (2022). Formulation of the polysaccharide fucopol into novel emulsified creams with improved physicochemical properties. Molecules, 27(22), Article 7759. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27227759
Bhawamai, S., Lin, S., Hou, Y., & Chen, Y. (2016). Thermal cooking changes the profile of phenolic compounds, but does not attenuate the anti-inflammatory activities of black rice. Food & Nutrition Research, 60(1), Article 32941. https://doi.org/10.3402/fnr.v60.32941
Devraj, L., Panoth, A., Kashampur, K., Kumar, A., & Natarajan, V. (2019). Study on physicochemical, phytochemical, and antioxidant properties of selected traditional and white rice varieties. Journal of Food Process Engineering, 43(3), Article e13330. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpe.13330
Dhankhar, M., & Kaur, P. (2023). Black rice as potential superfood—A review. Journal of Research in Traditional Medicine, 6(8S), Article 2833. https://doi.org/10.53555/jrtdd.v6i8s.2833
Fernandes, A., Brito, L., Oliveira, G., Ferraz, E., Evangelista, H., Mazzei, J., & Felzenszwalb, I. (2019). Evaluation of the acute toxicity, phototoxicity and embryotoxicity of a residual aqueous fraction from extract of the Antarctic moss Sanionia uncinata. BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology, 20(Suppl. 1), Article 35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40360-019-0353-3
Fernandes, A., Rodrigues, P. M., Pintado, M., & Tavaria, F. K. (2023). A systematic review of natural products for skin applications: Targeting inflammation, wound healing, and photo-aging. Phytomedicine, 115, Article 154824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154824
Guo, H., Chariyakornkul, A., Phannasorn, W., Mahatheeranont, S., & Wongpoomchai, R. (2022). Phytochemical profile and chemopreventive properties of cooked glutinous purple rice extracts using cell-based assays and rat model. Foods, 11(15), Article 2333. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11152333
Huang, Y., & Lai, H. (2016). Bioactive compounds and antioxidative activity of colored rice bran. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 24(3), 564–574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2016.01.004
Keshavarzi, F., Knudsen, N., Brewer, J., Ebbesen, M., Komjani, N., Moghaddam, S., & Thormann, E. (2021). In vitro skin model for characterization of sunscreen substantivity upon perspiration. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 43(3), 359–371. https://doi.org/10.1111/ics.12703
Khairi, N., As’ad, S., Djawad, K., & Alam, G. (2018). The determination of antioxidants activity and sunblock Sterculia populifolia extract-based cream. Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research, 4(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.18502/pbr.v4i1.142
Khairi, N., Nursamsiar, N., Utami, N. F., Marwati, M., Nur, S., Indrisari, M., & Kursia, S. (2025). Phytochemical profiling and enzyme inhibitory activity of Sterculia populifolia DC stem bark extract and fractions against elastase and tyrosinase. Narra J, 5(3), Article e1778. https://doi.org/10.52225/narra.v5i3.1778
Kohri, N., Yamashita, M., Kanazawa, T., & Kodera, H. (2011). Preparation of water in oil type cream with high content of water containing Kochia scoparia fruit and Cnidium monnieri fruit. Yakugaku Zasshi, 131(12), 1835–1841. https://doi.org/10.1248/yakushi.131.1835
Kurnianingrum, D., & Zulkarnain, A. (2023). Optimization and physical stability of Kembang Bulan (Tithonia diversifolia [A. Gray]) extract cream formula. Jurnal Farmasi Sains dan Praktis, 9(2), 140–147. https://doi.org/10.31603/pharmacy.v9i2.8404
Lefahal, M., Zaabat, N., Ayad, R., Makhloufi, E., Djarri, L., Benahmed, M., & Akkal, S. (2018). In vitro assessment of total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant and photoprotective activities of crude methanolic extract of aerial parts of Capnophyllum peregrinum (L.) Lange (Apiaceae) growing in Algeria. Medicines, 5(2), Article 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines5020026
Lekmine, S., Boussekine, S., Akkal, S., Martín-García, A., Boumegoura, A., Kadi, K., & Nieto, G. (2021). Investigation of photoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant capacities and LC-ESI-MS phenolic profile of Astragalus gombiformis Pomel. Foods, 10(8), Article 1937. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10081937
Liu, P., Cai, W., Yu, L., Yuan, B., & Feng, Y. (2015). Determination of phytochelatins in rice by stable isotope labeling coupled with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 63(25), 5935–5942. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01797
Mejía-Giraldo, J., Gallardo, C., & Puertas-Mejía, M. (2021). Selected extracts from high mountain plants as potential sunscreens with antioxidant capacity. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 98(1), 211–219. https://doi.org/10.1111/php.13490
Mejía-Giraldo, J., Winkler, R., Gallardo, C., Sánchez-Zapata, A., & Puertas-Mejía, M. (2016). Photoprotective potential of Baccharis antioquensis (Asteraceae) as natural sunscreen. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 92(5), 742–752. https://doi.org/10.1111/php.12619
Nur, S., Aisyah, A., Nursamsiar, N., Sami, F., Fadri, A., Khairi, N., & Sapra, A. (2023). Standardization and GC-MS analysis of Kersen (Muntingia calabura L.) fruit ethanol extract as an herbal raw material. Bulletin of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Assiut, 46(1), 173–187. https://doi.org/10.21608/bfsa.2023.300915
Nurlila, R., Andriani, R., Winarni, W., & Armayani, A. (2024). Formulation of emulgel preparation combination of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seed oil and ethanol extract of Kersen leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) and determination of sunprotection factor. International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research, 7(3), 109–121. https://doi.org/10.31632/ijalsr.2024.v07i03.010
Pérez, Z., Singh, P., Kim, Y., Mathiyalagan, R., Kim, D., Lee, M., & Yang, D. (2018). Applications of Panax ginseng leaves-mediated gold nanoparticles in cosmetics relation to antioxidant, moisture retention, and whitening effect on B16BL6 cells. Journal of Ginseng Research, 42(3), 327–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2017.04.003
Purwanto, U., Cahyani, I., Purwaningsih, Y., Sandhi, B., & Febryana, F. (2022). Optimization of polysorbate 80 and sorbitan monooleate 80 as emulsifiers in foundation makeup containing ethyl cinnamate. Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy, 33(4), 567–578. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijp.3308
Putri, F., Nugroho, A., & Setyowati, E. (2018). Optimization of HLB value combination of Tween 60 and Span 80 on cream formulation of ethanol extract of green tea leaves (Camellia sinensis L.). Majalah Obat Tradisional, 23(3), 124–131. https://doi.org/10.22146/mot.38402
Ragunath, N., Sasi, S., Padinjarathil, H., Nanjan, P., & Ramani, P. (2025). Antioxidant efficacy and sun protection factor evaluation of extracts from the leaf, stem and root of Dipteracanthus prostratus. Chemistry & Biodiversity, Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202500092
Sari, D., Paemanee, A., Roytrakul, S., Cairns, J., Safitri, A., & Fatchiyah, F. (2021). Black rice cultivar from Java Island of Indonesia revealed genomic, proteomic, and anthocyanin nutritional value. Acta Biochimica Polonica, 68(4), 785–794. https://doi.org/10.18388/abp.2020_5386
Saryanti, D., & Prameswari, S. (2024). Optimization of cream ethanol extract of Duku leaves (Lansium domesticum Corr.) as antibacterial against Staphylococcus aureus using the simplex lattice design method. Smart Medical Journal, 6(3), 156–165. https://doi.org/10.13057/smj.v6i3.74030
Schulz-Trieglaff, O., Pfeifer, N., Gröpl, C., Kohlbacher, O., & Reinert, K. (2008). LC-MSsim—A simulation software for liquid chromatography mass spectrometry data. BMC Bioinformatics, 9(1), Article 423. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-9-423
Sjahjadi, F., Febriyenti, F., & Lucida, H. (2021). Formula optimization of a sunscreen cream of tomato’s purified extract. Advances in Health Sciences Research, 25, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.2991/ahsr.k.211105.007
Sriseadka, T., Wongpornchai, S., & Rayanakorn, M. (2012). Quantification of flavonoids in black rice by liquid chromatography–negative electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 60(47), 11723–11732. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf303204s
Suena, N., Rahayu, L., Wijaya, S., Antari, N., & Adrianta, K. (2024). Formulation and antioxidant activity test of Centella asiatica herba extract and Moringa oleifera leaves extract as an anti-aging emulgel. Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research, 8(3), 1234–1242. https://doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v8i3.9
Suryanti, V., Suharyana, S., Sutarno, S., & Saputra, O. (2020). Antioxidant activity and compound constituents of gamma-irradiated black rice (Oryza sativa L.) var. Cempo Ireng indigenous of Indonesia. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 21(9), 4356–4364. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d210935
Tai, L., Huang, S., Zhao, Z., & Huang, G. (2020). Chemical composition analysis and antioxidant activity of black rice pigment. Chemical Biology & Drug Design, 97(3), 711–720. https://doi.org/10.1111/cbdd.13806
Tyagi, A., Shabbir, U., Chen, X., Chelliah, R., Elahi, F., Ham, H., & Oh, D. (2022). Phytochemical profiling and cellular antioxidant efficacy of different rice varieties in colorectal adenocarcinoma cells exposed to oxidative stress. PLOS ONE, 17(6), Article e0269403. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269403
Vijayakumar, R., Gani, S., Zaidan, U., Halmi, M., Karunakaran, T., & Hamdan, M. (2020). Exploring the potential use of Hylocereus polyrhizus peels as a source of cosmeceutical sunscreen agent for its antioxidant and photoprotective properties. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2020, Article 7520736. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7520736
Vogeser, M., & Seger, C. (2010). Pitfalls associated with the use of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in the clinical laboratory. Clinical Chemistry, 56(8), 1234–1244. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2009.138602
Wadkute, R., Jadhao, U., Dhembre, G., Thoke, S., Rathod, D., & Wathore, S. A. (2025). Formulation development and characterization of novel anti-psoriatic cream for topical drug delivery. Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 4(4), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.4.4.1
Wang, X., Liu, Y., Su, Y., Yang, J., Bian, K., Wang, Z., & He, L. (2014). High-throughput screening and confirmation of 22 banned veterinary drugs in feedstuffs using LC-MS/MS and high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 62(2), 516–527. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf404501j
Wisudyaningsih, B., Barikah, K., & Lita, F. (2023). Effect of quercetin and avobenzone concentration on physical characteristics and in vitro activity of sunscreen. Jurnal Sains Farmasi & Klinis, 10(3), 333–339. https://doi.org/10.25077/jsfk.10.3.333-339.2023
Xie, F., Lei, Y., Han, X., Zhao, Y., & Zhang, S. (2020). Antioxidant ability of polyphenols from black rice, buckwheat and oats: In vitro and in vivo. Czech Journal of Food Sciences, 38(4), 242–247. https://doi.org/10.17221/248/2018-CJFS
Yang, S., Liu, S., Brooks, G., Lanctot, Y., & Gruber, J. (2017). Reliable and simple spectrophotometric determination of sun protection factor: A case study using organic UV filter-based sunscreen products. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 17(3), 518–522. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12390
Yao, Y., Sang, W., Zhou, M., & Ren, G. (2010). Antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of colored grains in China. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58(2), 770–774. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf903234c
Yoshimura, Y., Zaima, N., Moriyama, T., & Kawamura, Y. (2012). Different localization patterns of anthocyanin species in the pericarp of black rice revealed by imaging mass spectrometry. PLOS ONE, 7(2), Article e31285. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031285
Zheng, H., Qi, S., He, J., Hu, C., Han, H., Jiang, H., & Li, X. (2020). Cyanidin-3-glucoside from black rice ameliorates diabetic nephropathy via reducing blood glucose, suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation, and regulating transforming growth factor β1/Smad expression. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 68(15), 4399–4410. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00680
مجله بیوتکنولوژی کشاورزی
دوره 18، شماره 1
فروردین 1405
صفحه 419-438

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار