بیان گیرنده Toll-like receptor-9، CD28 و CD152 در اوتیت میانی چرکی مزمن: شواهدی از تعامل ایمنی ذاتی-اکتسابی در پایداری باکتری‌ها

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه میکروب‌شناسی، دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگاه بابل، حله، عراق.

2 استاد گوش و حلق و بینی و آلرژی، گروه جراحی، دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگاه بابل، حله، عراق.

چکیده

هدف: اوتیت میانی چرکی مزمن (CSOM) یک بیماری التهابی طولانی‌مدت گوش میانی است که با عوامل متعددی همراه می‌باشد. از جمله این عوامل می‌توان به عفونت پایدار، آسیب بافتی و تشکیل بیوفیلم‌های باکتریایی اشاره کرد. این وضعیت نشان‌دهنده تغییر در وضعیت سیستم ایمنی است، به‌گونه‌ای که امکان بقای باکتری‌ها و تداوم التهاب فراهم می‌شود. یکی از مهم‌ترین مسیرهای تنظیمی در این فرآیند، محور CD28-CD152 (CTLA-4) است. CD28 سیگنال‌های فعال‌کننده‌ای را فراهم می‌کند که موجب فعال‌سازی، تکثیر سلول‌های T و تولید سایتوکاین‌ها می‌شود. در مقابل، CD152 یک گیرنده مهاری است که از طریق رقابت با CD28 برای لیگاندهایB7، پاسخ‌های سلول‌های T را سرکوب می‌کند. علاوه بر این، گیرنده Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR-9) نیز در پاسخ‌های ایمنی ذاتی نقش دارد؛ این گیرنده DNA باکتریایی را شناسایی کرده و در ایجاد التهاب مزمن مشارکت می‌کند. هدف از این مطالعه، ارزیابی سطوح سرمی TLR-9، CD28 و CD152 در بیماران مبتلا به CSOM و بررسی ارتباط آن‌ها با الگوهای عفونت باکتریایی بود.
مواد و روش‌ها: در این مطالعه، ۵۰ بیمار مبتلا به CSOM و ۲۵ فرد سالم به‌عنوان گروه کنترل مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. افرادی که بیش از سه ماه دچار ترشح مداوم گوش بودند و پارگی پرده صماخ آن‌ها با معاینات اتوسکوپیک و رادیولوژیک تأیید شده بود، به‌عنوان مبتلا به CSOM در نظر گرفته شدند. از بیماران نمونه سواب گوش جمع‌آوری و برای جداسازی باکتری‌ها کشت داده شد. شناسایی باکتری‌ها با استفاده از سیستم VITEK 2 Compact انجام گرفت. برای اندازه‌گیری سطوح سرمی TLR-9، CD28 و CD152 در نمونه‌های خونی تمام شرکت‌کنندگان، از روش الایزا (ELISA) استفاده شد.
نتایج: شایع‌ترین باکتری‌های جداشده در این مطالعه شامل Staphylococcus aureus (38%)، Pseudomonas aeruginosa (26%)، Proteus mirabilis (14%)، Klebsiella pneumoniae (12%)، و Escherichia coli (10%) بودند. سطح سرمی TLR-9 در بیماران مبتلا به CSOM به‌طور معنی‌داری بالاتر از گروه کنترل بود (07/0 ± 62/1 در برابر 05/0 ± 48/0 نانوگرم بر میلی‌لیتر؛ 001/0 P <). سطح CD28 در بیماران به‌طور معنی‌داری کمتر از افراد سالم بود (09/0 ± 42/0 در برابر 06/0 ± 18/1 نانوگرم بر میلی‌لیتر؛ 001/0 P <). در مقابل، سطح CD152 در بیماران CSOM به‌طور معنی‌داری افزایش یافته بود (11/0 ± 33/1 در برابر 08/0 ± 26/0 نانوگرم/میلی‌لیتر؛ 001/0 P <).
نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که CSOM با افزایش بیان TLR-9 و CD152 و کاهش سطح CD28 همراه است. می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که این الگوی ایمنی ممکن است منجر به افزایش تحمل ایمنی، پایداری باکتری‌ها و تداوم التهاب مزمن در CSOM شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Expression of Toll-like receptor-9, CD28, and CD152 in chronic suppurative Otitis media evidence for innate-adaptive immune crosstalk in bacterial persistence

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohammed A. K. Al-Saadi 1
  • Safa Hussain Alturaihy 2
  • Intidhar Naeem Kareem 1
1 Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Babylon, Hilla, Iraq.
2 Professor of Otolaryngology and Allergy, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Babylon, Hilla, Iraq.
چکیده [English]

Objective
Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a long-term inflammatory disease in the middle ear. This disease is associated with different factors. Some of these factors are persistent infection, tissue damage, and bacterial biofilm formation. This situation indicates that the immune status has changed. This condition allows bacteria to survive and continue to cause inflammation. One of the most important regulatory pathways is the CD28-CD152 (CTLA-4) axis. CD28 provides activating signals. These signals promote T-cell activation, proliferation, and cytokine production. On the other hand, CD152 is an inhibitory receptor. It suppresses T-cell responses through competing with CD28 for B7 ligands. Moreover, Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR-9) is also involved in innate immune responses. This receptor recognizes bacterial DNA and contributes to chronic inflammation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum levels of TLR-9, CD28, and CD152 in patients with CSOM and to examine their relationship with bacterial infection patterns.
Materials and methods
Fifty patients with CSOM and twenty-five healthy controls were used in this study. Individuals who had persistent ear discharge for more than three months and whose tympanic membrane rupture was confirmed by otoscopic and radiological examinations were considered to have CSOM. Ear swab samples were collected from patients. Then cultured for bacterial isolation. The VITEK 2 Compact system was used to identify bacteria. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure serum levels of TLR-9, CD28, and CD152 in blood samples of all participants.
Results
The most common bacteria isolated in this study were Staphylococcus aureus (38%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (26%), Proteus mirabilis (14%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (12%), and Escherichia coli (10%). Serum TLR-9 levels were significantly higher in CSOM patients compared with controls (1.62 ± 0.07 ng/mL vs 0.48 ± 0.05 ng/mL; P < 0.001). CD28 levels were significantly lower in patients than in controls (0.42 ± 0.09 ng/mL vs 1.18 ± 0.06 ng/mL; P < 0.001). In contrast, CD152 levels were significantly increased in CSOM patients (1.33 ± 0.11 ng/mL vs 0.26 ± 0.08 ng/mL; P < 0.001).
Conclusion
The results of this study showed that CSOM is associated with both increased expression of TLR-9 and CD152 and decreased levels of CD28. It can be concluded that this immune pattern may increase immune tolerance, bacterial persistence, and chronic inflammation in CSOM.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Chronic suppurative otitis media
  • immune modulation
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • Toll-like receptor 9
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