تنوع ژنتیکی گونه‌های Pistacia در کردستان عراق و یزد ایران: یافته‌هایی بر پایه نشانگرهای ISSR

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه علوم عمومی، دانشکده آموزش پایه، دانشگاه حلبچه، اقلیم کردستان، عراق

2 : گروه مدیریت مناطق خشک و بیابانی، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و کویرشناسی، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران

3 گروه مدیریت مناطق خشک و بیابانی، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و کویرشناسی، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران.

4 گروه زیست فناوری و علوم زراعی، دانشکده علوم مهندسی کشاورزی، دانشگاه سلیمانیه، اقلیم کردستان، عراق.

چکیده

هدف: تغییرات اقلیمی مداوم و فشارهای انسانی، روند کاهش تنوع ژنتیکی را در بسیاری از گونه‌های گیاهی از جمله در جنس Pistacia که از اهمیت اقتصادی و بوم‌شناختی چشمگیری برخوردار است، تسریع کرده است. علیرغم نقش حیاتی گونه‌های وحشی این جنس به‌عنوان پایه‌های رویشی و منابع ژنی برای صفاتی همچون تحمل به خشکی و شوری، جمعیت‌های طبیعی پسته در ناحیه زاگرس غربی در اقلیم کردستان عراق و همچنین در مناطق خشک مرکز ایران تاکنون در سطح مولکولی به‌طور جامع مورد مطالعه قرار نگرفته‌اند. هدف پژوهش حاضر، بررسی تنوع و ساختار ژنتیکی گونه‌های Pistacia در این دو منطقه با بهره‌گیری از نشانگرهای توالی‌های تکراری میانی ساده (ISSR) بود.
مواد و روش‌ها: در مجموع ۲۴ ژنوتیپ منتخب از گونه‌های P. atlantica، P. khinjuk و P. vera از میان ۶۷ نمونه جمع‌آوری‌شده در استان یزد ایران و اقلیم کردستان عراق انتخاب شدند. استخراج DNA با روش CTAB انجام گرفت و ۱۰ آغازگر ISSR برای تکثیر ژنومی به‌کار رفت. برای ارزیابی تنوع ژنتیکی، شاخص‌های آماری شامل درصد چندشکلی، محتوای اطلاعاتی چندشکلی، شاخص نشانگر، قدرت تفکیک و نسبت مؤثر چندتایی محاسبه شد. تجزیه‌های خوشه‌ای، مختصات اصلی و واریانس مولکولی نیز به ‌منظور بررسی ساختار جمعیتی انجام شد.
نتایج: از مجموع ۱۷۱ باند تکثیرشده، ۱۶۳ باند (3/95 درصد) چندشکل بودند. آغازگر ISSR4 بیشترین باند چندشکل را تولید کرد، در حالی که OW5 بالاترین مقادیر شاخص نشانگر و قدرت تفکیک را نشان داد. نتایج تجزیه واریانس مولکولی نشان داد که ۸۳ درصد از تنوع ژنتیکی درون گونه‌ها قرار دارد. بیشترین میزان تنوع ژنتیکی در P. khinjuk (30/0 =I و 19/0=He) مشاهده شد، در حالی که P. vera کمترین تنوع را داشت. تجزیه‌های خوشه‌ای و مختصات اصلی تطابقی با پراکنش جغرافیایی نداشتند که بیانگر جریان ژنی تاریخی یا تأثیر فعالیت‌های انسانی است.
نتیجه‌گیری: یافته‌ها نشان‌دهنده تنوع ژنتیکی درون‌گونه‌ای قابل‌ توجه در جمعیت‌های وحشی Pistacia بود که اهمیت آنها را به‌عنوان منابع ژنی برای برنامه‌های اصلاحی و حفاظت تأیید می‌کند. همچنین به طور خاص در مورد P. khinjuk، پتانسیل بالایی برای بهره‌برداری در برنامه‌های به‌نژادی در شرایط تنش‌زا به نظر می‌رسد. به طور کلی، توصیه می‌شود در مطالعات آتی، از نشانگرهای هم‌بارز و داده‌های زیست‌محیطی به ‌منظور پیوند دقیق‌تر میان تنوع ژنتیکی و صفات سازگارکننده استفاده شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Genetic Diversity of Pistacia Species in Iraqi Kurdistan and Yazd, Iran: Insights from ISSR Markers

نویسندگان [English]

  • Rasty Yousif Kamal 1
  • S. Ebrahim Seifati 2
  • Saeed Tarkesh Esfahani 3
  • Nariman Salih Ahmad 4
1 College of Basic Education, University of Halabja, KRG, Iraq
2 Department of Arid Land and Desert Management, School of Natural Resources & Desert Studies, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran.
3 Department of Arid Land and Desert Management, School of Natural Resources & Desert Studies, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran.
4 Department of Biotechnology and Crop Science, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Sulaimani, KRG, Iraq.
چکیده [English]

Objective
Ongoing climate change and anthropogenic pressures are accelerating the loss of genetic diversity in numerous plant species, including those within the Pistacia genus, which holds significant economic and ecological importance. Despite their critical roles as rootstocks and sources of traits such as drought and salinity tolerance, wild Pistacia populations in the western Zagros region of 0 and the arid zones of central Iran remain poorly characterized at the molecular level. This study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity and structure of Pistacia species across these two regions utilizing inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers.

Materials and methods
Leaf samples from 24 representative genotypes of P. atlantica, P. khinjuk, and P. vera were selected from an initial pool of 67 trees collected in Iraq and Iran. DNA was extracted using the CTAB protocol and amplified with 10 ISSR primers. Genetic variation was assessed through polymorphism statistics and diversity indices, including polymorphic information content (PIC), marker index (MI), resolving power (Rp), and effective multiplex ratio (EMR). Cluster analysis (UPGMA), principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) were conducted to determine genetic structure and population differentiation.

Results
Out of 171 amplified bands, 163 (95.3%) were polymorphic, indicating a high level of genetic variability. The ISSR4 primer produced the highest number of polymorphic bands, while OW5 demonstrated the highest discriminative power (MI and Rp). AMOVA revealed that the majority of genetic variation (83%) was distributed within species. Notably, P. khinjuk exhibited the highest genetic diversity (He = 0.19; I = 0.30), followed by P. atlantica, while P. vera exhibited minimal variation. Neither the cluster analysis nor the PCoA revealed distinct geographic structuring, suggesting historical gene flow and potential anthropogenic influence.

Conclusions
These findings highlight significant intra-specific genetic diversity among wild Pistacia populations, particularly within P. khinjuk, underscoring their value as reservoirs of adaptive genetic traits. The absence of clear geographic clustering further supports the notion of long-term gene exchange across regions. This research provides a critical baseline for conservation efforts and cultivar development, especially in the context of increasing environmental stress. Future studies should incorporate co-dominant markers and environmental data to more effectively associate genetic variation with adaptive potential.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Biodiversity
  • Genetic distance
  • Western Zagros
  • Wild pistachio
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