نقش اپی‌‌ژنتیک در تنظیم مکانیسم‌های دفاعی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 بخش علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان

2 گروه بیماری شناسی گیاهی، واحد رفسنجان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، رفسنجان، ایران و باشگاه پژوهشگران جوان و نخبگان، واحد رفسنجان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، رفسنجان، ایران

چکیده

هدف: اپی­ژنتیک شامل تغییرات ژنتیکی قابل توارث است که بر الگوی بیان ژن­ها تاثیر دارد، اما این تغییرات به دلیل تغییر در توالی DNA نمی­باشند. به­علاوه، موجودات از طریق برخی از مکانیسم­های ملکولی و سلولی در مقابل عوامل بیماری­زا مقاومت نشان می­دهند. با توجه به نتایج مطالعات انجام شده به نظر می­رسد که بین مکانیسم­های اپی­ژنتیکی و دفاعی ارتباط وجود داشته باشد. لذا، هدف تحقیق حاضر، بررسی چگونگی ارتباط اپی­ژنتیک و سیستم دفاعی موجودات و ارائه جدیدترین پیشرفت­ها در زمینة مطالعات انجام شده بر روی تنظیم اپی­ژنتیکی ارتباط موجود ـ میکروب (شامل باکتری و قارچ)، با تمرکز بر نقش تغییرات هیستون و متیلاسیون DNA ژنوم میزبان در مقاومت نسبت به بیماری و تجهیز سیستم دفاعی بود. بنابراین، مواردی از قبیل، مکانیسم­های ایجاد کننده تنظیمات اپی­ژنتیکی، نقش متیلاسیون DNA در اثر متقابل گیاه ـ میکروب، نقش متیلاسیون DNA بواسطه RNA در ارتباط گیاه ـ میکروب، تغییرات هیستونی، تغییرات هیستونی پس از ترجمه در اثرمتقابل گیاه ـ میکروب، نقش اپی­ژنتیک و microRNAs­ در سلامت حیوان، کنترل اپی­ژنتیکی تجهیز سیستم دفاعی و توارث فرا نسلی و تنظیم اپی ژنتیکی در عوامل بیماریزای گیاه و تاثیر آن بر بیماری­زایی مورد بحث قرار گرفت.
نتایج: توارث اپی­ژنتیکی می­تواند جانوران یا گیاهانی را ایجاد کند که از طریق مکانیسم­های بلند مدت و کوتاه مدت خود را با شرایط خاص محیطی تطبیق دهند. بررسی نتایج مطالعات انجام شده توسط پژوهش­گران مختلف شواهدی گویا در مورد مشارکت مکانیسم­های اپی­ژنتیکی در تجهیز دفاع فرانسلی (transgenerational defense priming) فراهم ساخته است.
نتیجه­گیری: درک بیشتر ما از نحوة مشارکت مکانیسم­های اپی­ژنتیک در سیستم دفاعی جانور یا گیاه و نحوة تعامل عوامل بیماری­زا با این مکانیسم می­تواند احتمالات جدیدی را برای استراتژی­های نوین حفاظت از محصولات فراهم سازد. 

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Role of epigenetics in regulating defense mechanisms

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohammadreza Mohammadabadi 1
  • Fatemeh Hasanzadeh Davarani 2
1 Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman
2 ssistant Professor, Department of Plant Pathology, Rafsanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rafsanjan, Iran, and Young Researchers and Elite Club, Rafsanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rafsanjan, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Objective
Epigenetics contains studying inheritable genetic variations that affect on gene expression pattern, but these variations do not create because of changes in DNA sequence. In addition, organisms are resistant to pathogens through some molecular and cellular mechanisms. Thus, the purpose of this review was to overview interaction between epigenetics and defense system of organisms and highlight recent findings in epigenetic regulation of organism-microbe interaction with focusing on role of histone modifications and DNA methylation of host genome in resistance to disease and defense priming. Hence were discussed creating mechanisms of epigenetics regulations, role of DNA methylation in plant-microbe interaction, role of RNA-mediated DNA methylation in plant-microbe interaction, histone modifications, post-translational modifications of histones in plant-microbe interaction, role of epigenetics and microRNAs in animal health, epigenetic control of defense priming and transgenerational inheritance and epigenetic regulation in plant pathogenes and effects on pathogenesis.
 
Results
It was demonstrated that epigenetic inheritance can provide animals and plants with long-term and short-term mechanisms to adapt to specific environmental conditions.  Reviewing results of performed studies by different researchers have provided clear evidence for the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms in transgenerational defense priming.
 
Conclusions
Moreover, more understanding of how epigenetic mechanisms contribute to animal and plant defence and how pathogens may counteract this reaction can provide new possibilities for novel production protection strategies.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Epigenetics
  • Histone modifications
  • DNA methylation
  • Defense mechanisms
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