از دو‍‍پینگ دارویی تا دوپینگ ژنی در اسب

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران

2 استادیار، گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران

چکیده

هدف: طبق تعریف آژانس بین‌المللی ضد دوپینگ (WADA) ،" استفاده غیر درمانی از ژن‌ها و اجزای ژنی و سلولی‏ای که موجب افزایش ظرفیت عملکرد ورزشی حیوان شوند "، دوپینگ ژنی محسوب می‌شوند. در گذشته، دوپینگ بیشتر با دارو‌‌های مختلفی مانند استروئید‌های آنابولیک آندروژنیک، کافئین، کوکائین، آمفتامین، آپومورفین، فنتانیل، باربیتورات‌ها و بوتازون انجام می‏گرفت ، اما با پیشرفت در زمینه ژن درمانی ابزار‌‌های لازم برای انجام دوپینگ ژنی به وجود آمد. هدف از بررسی حاضر معرفی انواع دوپینگ دارویی، دوپینگ ژنی، روش‌های تشخیص و ژن‌های مهم کاندیدای مورد استفاده در دوپینگ ژنی در اسب می‌باشد.
روش‌های دوپینگ ژنی و تشخیص: روش‌‌های دوپینگ ژنی را می‌توان به طور کلی به سه دسته مختلف انتقال ژن، خاموش کردن بیان ژن و ویرایش ژن طبقه‌بندی کرد. روش‌های متعددی برای تشخیص دوپینگ ژنی ارایه شده است که به طور کلی می‌توان آنها را به روش‌های غیر مستقیم و مستقیم طبقه‌بندی کرد. روش‌‌های غیرمستقیم، پاسخ‌‌های بدن به دوپینگ را اندازه‌گیری می‌کنند. در روش مستقیم که به وضوح عامل دوپینگ را شناسایی می‌کند، هدف شناسایی مواد ژنتیکی دوپینگ،‌‌ پروتئین حاصل از دوپینگ ژنی یا ‌‌یک ناقل است. همه روش‌های تشخیص دوپینگ ژنی دارای مزایا و معایبی هستند و واضح است که تشخیص دوپینگ ژن بسیار دشوار خواهد بود.
ژن‌های کاندیدا در دوپینگ ژنی: ژن‌های کاندیدایی که عمدتاً در دوپینگ ژنی مورد استفاده قرار می‌گیرند شامل EPO، IGF1، GH، HIF1، PPARD، MSTN، ACTN2، ACTN3، VEGFA، POMC، PENK، ACE و PCK1 هستند.
نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به اینکه امروزه مسابقات سوارکاری و اسب‌دوانی از حساسیت و اهمیت خاصی برخوردار هستند، احتمال اینکه مالکان، مربیان و سوارکاران به منظور دستیابی به پیروزی از دوپینگ استفاده کنند، افزایش می‌یابد. از آنجا که دوپینگ ژنی موثرتر و تشخیص آن دشوارتر از دوپینگ دارویی است، بیشتر مورد توجه متخلفان قرار می‌گیرد. به همین دلیل مسابقات اسب‌دوانی و سوارکاری با چالش جدیدی به نام دوپینگ ژنی روبرو هستند. اگر چه شواهدی از وجود استفاده دوپینگ ژنی در دسترس نیست، اما در حال حاضر فناوری لازم برای اعمال بسیاری از اشکال دوپینگ ژنی وجود دارد. موثرترین اقدام برای کنترل دوپینگ، ارائه آزمایش‌‌های دقیق تشخیص دوپینگ است. اگرچه طیف وسیعی از آزمایش‌‌های تشخیصی ارائه شده است، اما تا کنون روش رسمی و فراگیری برای تشخیص دوپینگ ژنی تعیین نشده است. برای ‌‌یک برنامه موفق ضد دوپینگ علاوه‌بر آزمایش‌‌های تشخیصی باید به همراه آن به آموزش و نظارت و نحوه اجرای آن نیز توجه ویژ‌ه‌ای داشت.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

From Drug Doping to Gene Doping in Horse

نویسندگان [English]

  • Moein Taned 1
  • Mohammad Bagher Zandi 2
  • Mohammad Abdoli 1
1 Ph.D. Student, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
چکیده [English]

Objective
According to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), gene doping refers to the non-therapeutic use of genes, gene components, and cellular elements that enhance the athletic performance capacity of animals. Doping used to be done with various drugs such as Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS), Caffeine, Cocaine, Amphetamine, Apomorphine, Fentanyl, Barbiturates, Butazone, etc. but with the progress in the field of gene therapy, the necessary tools for gene doping were created. The objectives of this review were to introduce the types of drug doping, gene doping, the detection methods and important candidate genes used in gene doping in horses.
Gene Doping Methods and Detection Techniques
Gene doping methods can generally be classified into three categories: gene transfer, gene silencing, and gene editing. Various methods have been proposed for detecting gene doping, which can be broadly categorized as indirect and direct detection methods. Indirect methods measure the body's responses to doping, while direct method, which clearly identifies the doping agent, the goal is to identify the genetic materials of doping, a protein produced from the gene doping gene, or a vector. All gene doping detection methods have their advantages and disadvantages, and it is evident that detecting gene doping will be challenging.
Candidate Genes in Gene Doping
Candidate genes commonly used in gene doping include EPO, IGF1, GH, HIF1, PPARD, MSTN, ACTN2, ACTN3, VEGFA, POMC, PENK, ACE, and PCK1.
Conclusion
Given the sensitivity and significance of equestrian sports and horse racing, the likelihood of owners, trainers, and riders resorting to doping to achieve victory is increasing. As gene doping is more effective and harder to detect than traditional drug doping, it receives more attention from offenders. As a result, equestrian and horse racing competitions are facing a new challenge known as gene doping. Although there is currently no evidence of gene doping being used, the necessary technology exists to implement various forms of gene doping. The most effective measure for controlling doping is the introduction of precise doping detection tests. While a wide range of diagnostic tests has been proposed, there is currently no official and widespread method for detecting gene doping. A successful anti-doping program should not only include diagnostic tests but also focus on education, supervision, and implementation methods.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Chemical detection
  • Drug doping
  • Gene dpoing
  • Horse sport

مراجع

اسدالله پور نعنایی حجت، نصرتی مریم، محمدآبادی محمدرضا (1400). بررسی ساختار ژنتیکی جمعیت اسب آخال-تکه و مقایسه آن با نژادهای دیگر با استفاده از داده های تعیین توالی کل ژنوم. فصلنامه ژنتیک نوین 16(4)، 307-299.
وزیری ماندانا، سارانی علی، جهانتیغ مهدی (1394). تشخیص سریع و بررسی برخی از مارکرهای استرس‌اکسیداتیو ناشی از دوپینگ با مورفین در اسب. پایان نامه دکتری، دانشگاه زابل، 5-4.
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مجله بیوتکنولوژی کشاورزی
دوره 15، شماره 4
آذر 1402
صفحه 189-226

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